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the project are not commensurate with the size <strong>of</strong> investment. Furthermore, the irrigation project still remains to be partially commissioned, though it is under construction for more than 40 years. 6) The irrigation project was originally designed to irrigate tree crops. like coconut along with the third crop <strong>of</strong> paddy (Puncha). In view <strong>of</strong> this, the project is also known as Kallada Irrigation and Tree Crop Development Project. But as there had taken place considerable crop shift from coconut to rubber on an extensive scale over time, not much attention was paid to improve and stabilise the irrigation infrastructure in the command area. 4.2.1 History and salient features <strong>of</strong> the Kallada Irrigation Project The Kallada dam is located at Parappar near Thenmala across the Kallada river at the dovillstream <strong>of</strong> the contluence <strong>of</strong> the three major tributaries. \lZ.. Kulathupuzha, Shentharuni and Kalthuruthipuzha, all <strong>of</strong> them originating from the Kulathupuzha ranges <strong>of</strong> the Western Ghats. The latitude <strong>of</strong> Parappar dam is 80 5T north and longitude 7780 49' 4' 20" east. The project area is surrounded by the Western Ghats on the cast, Ashtamudi backwater and Arabian sea on the West, Achencoil river on the north and )thikkara river on the south. The Kallada river flows westwards through Pathanapuram taluk and through the boundaries <strong>of</strong> the taluks <strong>of</strong> Kottarakara, Adoor, Kollam and Kunnattur. The river covers a distance <strong>of</strong> 119 Km before it falls into the Ashtamudi backwaters. The Project area lies between latitudes 80 ~9' north and 90 IT north and longi tudes 770 16' east and 76024' east (see, Map ~.4 <strong>of</strong> the Kallada river basin and the location <strong>of</strong> Kallada ayal.:ut). 111
Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~ BRWJIESIJlI) O1SHl~\1l~ " ;r.r. WI! G.W:s. ~n ~~~5 1"-" t_ .- a"_ 2 ....... )- J~_I~ .1u:.c. , Ml.lu .....' "~ .- 81~",·t ,........ ,y,sr~p.t.II.A ,_ ...... 1) ty,:rt ..... i 1 'D~~T'~CItt ~lVf;tv...t. . . ~~~·l .a'~·4 o lIIU'I&JIU&lAAI 'U"~ t.I. \'f.~"UII '.t~-r ) 0."",",- "'.-.- """""- " Iro:lI:.IoIKo..I.I O"'-:l~~ »...- ....... 1f~1-........t. , i~'f~ .... W. " , .... 1'),J,oA.f ill~.~ ,c. ~.....:. .... 10 -""" 1~~o(IC· I I'~~ Jt9Cti~ ... , Jl~~.;_"'" b oiWJl'-"t.l.ll D ...... 1f ~'o(D1 .u "-'..,...." 1II.,y;- ~~\J."'J1. ~ ~b6.\1001.:&1 i Zllt;.l..o,lU:,& &i).)(~ C3 .""",--..,. r-. ~~ ......... 1t.'Vif$ oIol.D ~~ 1:6 -- ... """ -- - ...., ~~~:~I) - r- ~,~~I ... I Y.ALLAM IR~l)AJION ~~O][CT '. : I z3 ......."';:(1 ~-.. ..'*""'- i "J4.?~~ 21..-.. :'IT~"""(\,(J,"" t.~ ;:a'~J'II'\!6O.lt. '. Ilt~l~ 3_'"' 1IO~wu.n.. S-CLlINlQ 1I:;'f~"'" ~ """'" \ Q ..... w:.. .ltoU., ....... {'-'11 \ l\E:;,&JIOrI. .u 1l7.T11'lJ1 1J\oIClI ~ ~(:."""...s ......... » ....u.••,t..!I ~5"''''"''''''"~'~ 1r('I !I6....,..,.uu~':: y ......... ~ I~'~-.......r~¥t.· ~~ ..... ,..,.~..... ~ .. .c~ ... :'" . r J9 ~.t...,;U'.,-alII i ailur.:,.,·V1 ".~ I~ v.ftAAN.-~ :&.:I~, ........... (~~ HW~''-''1I\,.C,.IoIl t) ......... ,"""" I) ~ :;..t ... u(~~~ . ~ I'n~J·~-(tw,!.· j P?'OJ~CT ARD. SHOWN'j Mm ml~lS, gR;\N(~~S 2 D~iE~i]~I[S 112
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
Page 55 and 56:
While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
Page 75 and 76: command area has reduced the labour
Page 77 and 78: Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
Page 79 and 80: y the CADA have led to low producti
Page 81 and 82: agents as against 90 per cent or mo
Page 83 and 84: among their members; c) insisting t
Page 85 and 86: Ansari (1989) shows that there have
Page 87 and 88: unit of land culti
Page 89 and 90: subgroup increased from 40 per cent
Page 91 and 92: 1) The maIn activity being undertak
Page 93 and 94: which are unique in several ways, t
Page 95 and 96: across the states in different agro
Page 97 and 98: and social setting In which a proje
Page 99 and 100: The indepth study to examine the fa
Page 101 and 102: \,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
Page 103 and 104: understand the problems related to
Page 105 and 106: of the crop produc
Page 107 and 108: greater differences between the the
Page 109 and 110: Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
Page 111 and 112: specific promotional programmes und
Page 113 and 114: Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
Page 115 and 116: 3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
Page 117 and 118: non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
Page 119 and 120: '- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
Page 121 and 122: strictly adhered to the directions
Page 123 and 124: 4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
Page 125: 4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
Page 129 and 130: in lands having slopes less than 3
Page 131 and 132: Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
Page 133 and 134: in terms of underg
Page 135 and 136: meters. The end of
Page 137 and 138: and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
Page 139 and 140: lands. The average holding size is
Page 141 and 142: The characteristics of</str
Page 143 and 144: size group is the highest in the mi
Page 145 and 146: Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
Page 147 and 148: Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
Page 149 and 150: Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
Page 151 and 152: plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
Page 153 and 154: gt:ographical concentration <strong
Page 155 and 156: Concerted efforts were also made fo
Page 157 and 158: T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
Page 159 and 160: expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
Page 161 and 162: the state cannot be treated as a pu
Page 163 and 164: in gross irrigated area. While cana
Page 165 and 166: development of lan
Page 167 and 168: The annual compound growth rates in
Page 169 and 170: 5.2.1 Dynamics of
Page 171 and 172: area and yield of
Page 173 and 174: A micro level study by Narayanan (1
Page 175 and 176: ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
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The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
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eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
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The overall scenario suggests that
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project, they tend to undertake yie
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the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
Page 197 and 198:
5.15). The table indicates that the
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place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
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Let us now examIne the intensity <s
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Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Another source of
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process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
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ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
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ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
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Chapter 6 Economics of</str
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conditions of the
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Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
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Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
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Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
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possible in these lands during Khar
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Hence. it may be argued that since
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It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
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project. where it is very high at R
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proper coordination between variOUS
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deficiencies that help drawing less
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conjunctive use of
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3) Again. due to the high density <
Page 255 and 256:
Table 6.13: Details of</str
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doubts about the senousness <strong
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practice IS more conspIcuous In the
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2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
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large holders have spent two to thr
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Farming is considered mostly as a s
Page 267 and 268:
The profitability
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noticed in the case of</str
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The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
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· 13 Bank assistance programme and
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etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
Page 277 and 278:
Table 6.22: Status of</stro
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Though almost all the farmers repor
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3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
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The net income from vegetables and
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Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
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Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
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It can be seen from the survey data
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een made to examme as to how many f
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a farmer to use water from the dist
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The farmers were asked to reflect u
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evamping needed to reorient the MCS
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supplies. What is more interesting
Page 301 and 302:
the knowledge of i
Page 303 and 304:
All of the five ex
Page 305 and 306:
It is evident from the table that t
Page 307 and 308:
implications on the dynamics <stron
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competitive monocropl2 as no other
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of conversion thro
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involving farmers as active members
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The viability of p
Page 317 and 318:
factors l8 . As a result. the agric
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The rise in price of</stron
Page 321 and 322:
may be observed that the canal seep
Page 323 and 324:
process of paddy l
Page 325 and 326:
Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
Page 327 and 328:
The technical constraints In the de
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2) Lack of irrigat
Page 331 and 332:
manure or fertilisers are also do n
Page 333 and 334:
according to the conventional basin
Page 335 and 336:
Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
Page 337 and 338:
The pattern of act
Page 339 and 340:
eported by CADA of
Page 341 and 342:
Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
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d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
Page 345 and 346:
all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
Page 347 and 348:
irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
Page 349 and 350:
comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
Page 351 and 352:
time lag involved in completion uf
Page 353 and 354:
the state has increased by about 46
Page 355 and 356:
cultivation of com
Page 357 and 358:
through the effective implementatiC
Page 359 and 360:
een the highest in Kallada project
Page 361 and 362:
It was noticed that among the vario
Page 363 and 364:
The institutional paradigm evolved
Page 365 and 366:
of India to be rel
Page 367 and 368:
economically viable. This underscor
Page 369 and 370:
The intensity and spread of
Page 371 and 372:
of allocation and
Page 373 and 374:
shows that filed realities have not
Page 375 and 376:
as water management related factors
Page 377 and 378:
labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380:
Given the dynamics, problems and co
Page 381 and 382:
ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384:
Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386:
Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388:
Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390:
Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392:
Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394:
Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398:
Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400:
Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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