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Table 5 . 8' . Paddy area c 0 nvert e d' IR . Irrigation . projects Name <strong>of</strong> the project Ayacut Area converted (ha. ) Area converted (%) I (ha.) , 1. Malampuma 21732 I 3672. 71 16.90 2. Walavar 3844 734.20 19.10 3. Pothundv 5466 546.60 10.00 4. Gavathri 5466 1000.28 18.30 I 5. Mangalam 3639 396.65 10.90 6. Peechi 18623 3352.14 18.00 7. Vazhani 5182 720.30 13.90 8. Cheerakuzhi 1619 194.28 12.00 9. Chalakud\ 19696 2954.40 15.00 10. Ne\\ar 11891 1308.01 11.00 11. Kuttiadi 14570 3496.8# 24.00 12. KaraDuzha* 4650 1150# 24.73 Total 116378 19526.37 16.78 • Ongoing proJect. SOllrce' C ADA (1996): 69-73; # C AGI Reports. 1993. 1997. The proportion <strong>of</strong> ayacut area converted for non-agricultural uses across the command areas ranged between II per cent in the Neyyar project to 24.73 per cent ill the Karapuzha scheme. Anoth.:r study by C AD.\ based on a sample survey <strong>of</strong> 255 farmers in the el~ht completed irrigation proiects in the state reveals that 19 per cent <strong>of</strong> the farmers have converted their paddy fIelds permanently. The proportion <strong>of</strong> area converted is the highest in the Peechi irrigalJoll project as 56 per cent <strong>of</strong> the farmers are reported to have converted their paddy fields and the area converted is 44 per cent. In the ChalJkudy scheme. 4' per c.:nt <strong>of</strong> the farmers have converted and the paddy area convert.:d is 39 per cent «('ADA. I ()97). Santhakumar (1997) shows that rubher cultivation has occupied considerable part <strong>of</strong> th.: COIllIllJ!1(j Jreas <strong>of</strong> \. JlllanapUrJIll and Kallada irrigation projects. While ~ 7 per cent <strong>of</strong> the dry land arl';} III the Vamanapuralll proj.:ct has been brought LInder 159
ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the proportion is 18 per cent. Preliminary results <strong>of</strong> a study by Viswanathan (1997) based on a sample survey indicates that rubber has occupied about 40 per cent <strong>of</strong> the paddy area and 53 per cent <strong>of</strong> the dry area in the Kallada irrigation project. In the Kallada project. which was designed for irrigating garden land crops. mainly coconut. the crop occupies only 28 per cent <strong>of</strong> the dry area ...... bout 21 per cent and 14 per cent <strong>of</strong> the paddy area have been substituted with coconut and tapioca respectively. The question that whether availability <strong>of</strong> physical infrastructure and the subsequent provision <strong>of</strong> water influences farmers decision on crop allocation needs empirical testing specifically in the context <strong>of</strong> Kerala. However, it has been noticed that the area under paddy during the second crop (.\/lindakan) has declined in seven talu].;.' LllmmanJcJ by maJor irrigation ProlCelS Jlmost by 20 per cent during 1974- 75 to ]986-87 ITJble 59) Table 5.9: Decline in padd~' area in taluk5 wvered under major irrigation projects, \966- 67 to 1986-87 I Taluk, Area during second crop (hectares) % change 1966-67 197.1-75 1986-87 ( 1966-87) l\e\\attmkara 5673 5945 I·UJ) 32151--15.9) -43.33 Mukundapuram 16444 15482 (-5 8) 12561 (-189) -23.61 Thrissur 18246 17699 (-3 0) 11248 (-36-1) -38.35 Thal3Jl£.a II v 16843 16342 (-30) 14146 (-13-1) -16.01 I Chinoor 18313 22364 I]] I) 17262 (-228) -5.74 Alathoor 15902 20526129 I) 16796 (-182) 5.62 Palakkad 15237 157211J:!) 14299 (-9.0) -6.16 .\(JlJra. Complied from GOK. 1998.74. Nolt!. Parenthetic figures are percentage change between periods. /\s tht: tahlt: Indicates. tht:re was considerahk decline in paddy area in all the taluks during I CJ74-75 to 19X6-X7 and the highest decline repurted was in 160
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
Page 123 and 124: 4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
Page 125 and 126: 4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
Page 127 and 128: Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
Page 129 and 130: in lands having slopes less than 3
Page 131 and 132: Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
Page 133 and 134: in terms of underg
Page 135 and 136: meters. The end of
Page 137 and 138: and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
Page 139 and 140: lands. The average holding size is
Page 141 and 142: The characteristics of</str
Page 143 and 144: size group is the highest in the mi
Page 145 and 146: Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
Page 147 and 148: Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
Page 149 and 150: Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
Page 151 and 152: plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
Page 153 and 154: gt:ographical concentration <strong
Page 155 and 156: Concerted efforts were also made fo
Page 157 and 158: T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
Page 159 and 160: expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
Page 161 and 162: the state cannot be treated as a pu
Page 163 and 164: in gross irrigated area. While cana
Page 165 and 166: development of lan
Page 167 and 168: The annual compound growth rates in
Page 169 and 170: 5.2.1 Dynamics of
Page 171 and 172: area and yield of
Page 173: A micro level study by Narayanan (1
Page 177 and 178: The debate on conversion of
Page 179 and 180: (Table 5.10). The table indicates t
Page 181 and 182: eqUires substantial investment for
Page 183 and 184: Source: Govt. of K
Page 185 and 186: the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
Page 187 and 188: The overall scenario suggests that
Page 189 and 190: project, they tend to undertake yie
Page 191 and 192: the establishment expenditure (stri
Page 193 and 194: a CriSIS. As the works involved In
Page 195 and 196: (ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
Page 197 and 198: 5.15). The table indicates that the
Page 199 and 200: place. There were three revisions J
Page 201 and 202: Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
Page 203 and 204: Let us now examIne the intensity <s
Page 205 and 206: Cost escalation due to arbitration
Page 207 and 208: Another source of
Page 209 and 210: process would be very high. This al
Page 211 and 212: construction for more than 20 years
Page 213 and 214: are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
Page 215 and 216: ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
Page 217 and 218: ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
Page 219 and 220: Chapter 6 Economics of</str
Page 221 and 222: conditions of the
Page 223 and 224: Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
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Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
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Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
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possible in these lands during Khar
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Hence. it may be argued that since
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It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
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project. where it is very high at R
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proper coordination between variOUS
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deficiencies that help drawing less
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conjunctive use of
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3) Again. due to the high density <
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Table 6.13: Details of</str
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doubts about the senousness <strong
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practice IS more conspIcuous In the
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2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
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large holders have spent two to thr
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Farming is considered mostly as a s
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The profitability
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noticed in the case of</str
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The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
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· 13 Bank assistance programme and
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etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
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Table 6.22: Status of</stro
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Though almost all the farmers repor
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3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
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The net income from vegetables and
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Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
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Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
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It can be seen from the survey data
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een made to examme as to how many f
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a farmer to use water from the dist
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The farmers were asked to reflect u
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evamping needed to reorient the MCS
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supplies. What is more interesting
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the knowledge of i
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All of the five ex
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It is evident from the table that t
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implications on the dynamics <stron
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competitive monocropl2 as no other
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of conversion thro
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involving farmers as active members
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The viability of p
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factors l8 . As a result. the agric
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The rise in price of</stron
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may be observed that the canal seep
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process of paddy l
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Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
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The technical constraints In the de
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2) Lack of irrigat
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manure or fertilisers are also do n
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according to the conventional basin
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Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
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The pattern of act
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eported by CADA of
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Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
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d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
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all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
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irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
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comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
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time lag involved in completion uf
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the state has increased by about 46
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cultivation of com
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through the effective implementatiC
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een the highest in Kallada project
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It was noticed that among the vario
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The institutional paradigm evolved
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of India to be rel
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economically viable. This underscor
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The intensity and spread of
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of allocation and
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shows that filed realities have not
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as water management related factors
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labour intensive farming operations
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Given the dynamics, problems and co
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ground realities associated with cr
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Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
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Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
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Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390:
Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392:
Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
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Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
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Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400:
Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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