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ainfed crops was a major economIc incentive to the farmers to go in for cultivation <strong>of</strong> high valued commercial crops. The trends in prices <strong>of</strong> some important crops grown in irrigation projects in Kerala are shown in table 7.18. The table indicates that there was substantial increase in average farm prices <strong>of</strong> tapioca, banana and ginger when compared to paddy and coconut. However, the fluctuation in prices has been less in the case <strong>of</strong> arecanut, coconut and paddy as revealed by the lower coefficient <strong>of</strong> variation in these crops. The fluctuations in prices have been relatively less in the case <strong>of</strong> tapioca and banana in relation to cashew and pepper. Table 7.18: Trend5 in price5 <strong>of</strong> important crops in Kerala, 1991-92 to 1997-98 Year Paddy Tapioca Pepper Ginger Coco- Areca Cashew nut -nut Banana 1991-92 374.8 157.7 2950.1 2177.6 393.2 2037.7 31.5 80.7 1992-93 420.8 187.2 2619.6 2490.5 420.1 2000.7 33.0 93.9 1993-94 414.5 197.6 3898.0 2858.1 325.5 2134.3 33.6 108.6 1994-95 494.8 217.3 6687.4 5250.3 307.8 235.4 36.7 125.7 1995-96 547.0 253.0 7320.0 5871.0 331.0 2700.0 43.0 130.0 1996-97 607.0 300.0 8780.0 4214.0 480.0 2730.0 43.0 161.0 1997-98 583.0 297.0 17440.0 4462.0 443.0 2848.0 44.0 148.0 % change 55.6 88.4 491.2 104.9 12.6 39.7 39.8 83.2 CY (%) 18.4 23.9 72.2 36.5 17.1 42.7 14.2 23.7 Note: Pnces <strong>of</strong> paddy, tapIOca, pepper, gmger and cashew are expressed mRs. Per quintal and that <strong>of</strong> coconut, arecanut and banana are expressed as Rs. Per 100 nos. Source. Compiled from GOK (1999). The comparative pr<strong>of</strong>itabili~y <strong>of</strong> various crops based on the estimates <strong>of</strong> the Department <strong>of</strong> Economics and Statistics for the year 1996-97 has been shown in table 7.19. 2J For a very elaborate and convincing discussion on the issues related to the changing agrarian relations as well as the dynamics <strong>of</strong> the functioning <strong>of</strong> the rural labour market in Kerala, see, Thomas and Thomas (1999); Nair, ( 1999) and Kannan (1998, 1999). 306
Table 7.19: Productivity and gross income per acre <strong>of</strong> paddy and other crops in Kerala, 1996-97 Crops Productivity per Gross income Income from paddy as % <strong>of</strong> acre" (Rs./acre) income from other crops Paddy 819 4972 - -- Arccanut 86000 36980 13.44 Banana 5646 45451 10.94 Tapioca 7378 22133 22.46 Coconut 2319 11 J31 44.66 Rubber 463 22679 21.92 Pepper 126 . 11091 44.83 Cashew 316 8632 57.60 Vegetable 5960 58284 8.53 .. Note: • Productlvlty <strong>of</strong> crops IS expressed as kg. per acre except coconut and arecanut, which are in numbers per acre. Source: Estimated from OOK (1997). From the table, it may be observed that the gross income from paddy per acre is far below the gross income from other crops. For instance, the income from paddy constitutes only 8 per cent <strong>of</strong> the gross income from vegetables, 11 per cent <strong>of</strong> the income from banana, 13 per cent <strong>of</strong> arecanut and 22 per cent <strong>of</strong> income from tapioca and rubber and 45 per cent <strong>of</strong> the income from coconut. Even when the net income from paddy is compared with that from other crops, the alternate pr<strong>of</strong>itability <strong>of</strong> other crops cannot be disproved. This brings out the importance <strong>of</strong> crop diversification in favour <strong>of</strong> vegetables and banana so as to optimise the returns per unit <strong>of</strong> area. But, higher order <strong>of</strong> crop diversification in irrigation commands is hard to come by in view <strong>of</strong> the technical constraints in ~ the development, distribution and management <strong>of</strong> water in the irrigation systems in Kerala. This necessitates a brief discussion on the important technical constraints in irrigation projects in Kerala. 307
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
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in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
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ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
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The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
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eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
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The overall scenario suggests that
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project, they tend to undertake yie
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the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
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5.15). The table indicates that the
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place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
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Let us now examIne the intensity <s
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Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Another source of
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process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
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ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
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ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
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Chapter 6 Economics of</str
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conditions of the
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Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
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Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
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Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
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possible in these lands during Khar
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Hence. it may be argued that since
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It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
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project. where it is very high at R
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proper coordination between variOUS
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deficiencies that help drawing less
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conjunctive use of
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3) Again. due to the high density <
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Table 6.13: Details of</str
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doubts about the senousness <strong
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practice IS more conspIcuous In the
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2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
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large holders have spent two to thr
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Farming is considered mostly as a s
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The profitability
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noticed in the case of</str
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The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
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Page 275 and 276: etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
Page 277 and 278: Table 6.22: Status of</stro
Page 279 and 280: Though almost all the farmers repor
Page 281 and 282: 3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
Page 283 and 284: The net income from vegetables and
Page 285 and 286: Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
Page 287 and 288: Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
Page 289 and 290: It can be seen from the survey data
Page 291 and 292: een made to examme as to how many f
Page 293 and 294: a farmer to use water from the dist
Page 295 and 296: The farmers were asked to reflect u
Page 297 and 298: evamping needed to reorient the MCS
Page 299 and 300: supplies. What is more interesting
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Page 303 and 304: All of the five ex
Page 305 and 306: It is evident from the table that t
Page 307 and 308: implications on the dynamics <stron
Page 309 and 310: competitive monocropl2 as no other
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Page 313 and 314: involving farmers as active members
Page 315 and 316: The viability of p
Page 317 and 318: factors l8 . As a result. the agric
Page 319 and 320: The rise in price of</stron
Page 321 and 322: may be observed that the canal seep
Page 323: process of paddy l
Page 327 and 328: The technical constraints In the de
Page 329 and 330: 2) Lack of irrigat
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Page 333 and 334: according to the conventional basin
Page 335 and 336: Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
Page 337 and 338: The pattern of act
Page 339 and 340: eported by CADA of
Page 341 and 342: Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
Page 343 and 344: d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
Page 345 and 346: all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
Page 347 and 348: irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
Page 349 and 350: comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
Page 351 and 352: time lag involved in completion uf
Page 353 and 354: the state has increased by about 46
Page 355 and 356: cultivation of com
Page 357 and 358: through the effective implementatiC
Page 359 and 360: een the highest in Kallada project
Page 361 and 362: It was noticed that among the vario
Page 363 and 364: The institutional paradigm evolved
Page 365 and 366: of India to be rel
Page 367 and 368: economically viable. This underscor
Page 369 and 370: The intensity and spread of
Page 371 and 372: of allocation and
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as water management related factors
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labour intensive farming operations
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Given the dynamics, problems and co
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ground realities associated with cr
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Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
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Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388:
Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390:
Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392:
Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394:
Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398:
Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400:
Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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