economics of on-farm development - Institute for Social and ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

have a long unproductive lag and why most <strong>of</strong> the first generation schemes still remain to be partially or not commissioned?". A critical review <strong>of</strong> the factors underlying the divergence between development <strong>of</strong> irrigation systems and agricultural development in the state is also necessary to understand the influence <strong>of</strong> the colonial rent seeking behaviour <strong>of</strong> the irrigation bureaucracy on the state policy on development <strong>of</strong> irrigation systems. In what follows. a detailed analysis <strong>of</strong> the organisational aspects <strong>of</strong> irrigation development in the state is attempted. These organisational issues affecting the performance <strong>of</strong> irrigation systems in the state relate to the much debated problems <strong>of</strong> capacity under-utilisation. cost and time over runs. under-pricing or non-pricing o( irrigation water. etc. Each <strong>of</strong> the three issues is addressed in some detail in the following. 5.3.1 Capacity under-utilisation in irrigation projects The problem <strong>of</strong> under-utilisation <strong>of</strong> potential in the irrigation projects is a widely debated issue. The explanations <strong>of</strong>fered by researchers for this undesirable outcome have centered. by and large. around non-implementation <strong>of</strong> OFO works at the system level by the <strong>of</strong>ficials and non-adoption <strong>of</strong> scientific land development and water management practices by the farmers at the farm level. These explanations appear to be logical as long as irrigation development in a given region results in cropping pattern changes in favour <strong>of</strong> high valued and water intcnsive crops in the irrigation command. Once the farmcrs realize the beneficial impact <strong>of</strong> an irrigation 173
project, they tend to undertake yield-augmenting package <strong>of</strong> practices. This may not be the case if the changes in cropping pattern are conditioned by reasons other than availability <strong>of</strong> irrigation facilities per se. The agricultural development experience in Kerala, as discussed earlier, conforms to the latter explanation. It is important to note that the pace and pattern <strong>of</strong> agricultural development in the irrigation commands in the state is not in tune with the conventional theorisation <strong>of</strong> irrigation induced agrarian development. This being so. the irrigation development projects in the state have not been yielding the anticipated results. Though some <strong>of</strong> the completed irrigation projects could achieve the irrigation targets, it was at a huge cost and time-lag. The unproductive lag varied between 9 to 37 years in the case <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong> the complcted irrigation projects where the cost escalation was more than 1000 per cent in nominal terms as discussed earlier. 5.3.2 Cost escalation and time-lag in the completion <strong>of</strong> schemes While the cost escalation in nominal terms has been about 611 per cent in the case <strong>of</strong> completed projects. it was as high as 2730 per cent in the case <strong>of</strong> ongoing projects. The unit cost <strong>of</strong> development <strong>of</strong> irrigation potential was only Rs. 0.14 lakhs in the case <strong>of</strong> completed projects. it was Rs. 0.19 lakhs in the case <strong>of</strong> ongoing projects and Rs. 2.46 lakhs at the aggregate level as discussed elsewhere. This shows the magnitude <strong>of</strong> cost escalation, unadjusted for inflation. The cost per ha. <strong>of</strong> irrigation development was also higher in the case <strong>of</strong> minor irrigation projects in the state. The cumulative achievement in the case <strong>of</strong> minor irrigation sector as <strong>of</strong> 1988- 89 was 1.26 lakh ha .. which increased to 1.65 lakh ha. by 1998-99 and the respective 174
Page 1 and 2:
, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
Page 3 and 4:
DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
Page 5 and 6:
I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
Page 7 and 8:
CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
Page 9 and 10:
4.9 Occupational Status of<
Page 11 and 12:
5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
Page 13 and 14:
Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
Page 15 and 16:
Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
Page 17 and 18:
An attempt has been made in this ch
Page 19 and 20:
among the people and the process <s
Page 21 and 22:
the Indian state had followed a pol
Page 23 and 24:
water harvesting 7 by arguing that
Page 25 and 26:
(World Register of
Page 27 and 28:
Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
Page 29 and 30:
One of the most im
Page 31 and 32:
integrated development of</
Page 33 and 34:
inadequate attention given to OFD w
Page 35 and 36:
performance of irr
Page 37 and 38:
created. According to the Central W
Page 39 and 40:
7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
Page 41 and 42:
competent and responsible agency wi
Page 43 and 44:
physiographic conditions of
Page 45 and 46:
(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
Page 47 and 48:
interventions to improve the operat
Page 49 and 50:
a summary of findi
Page 51 and 52:
economic analysis of</stron
Page 53 and 54:
een brought out by many scholars in
Page 55 and 56:
While the economic benefits <strong
Page 57 and 58:
sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
Page 59 and 60:
such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
Page 61 and 62:
the completion of
Page 63 and 64:
of rainfed croppin
Page 65 and 66:
areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
Page 67 and 68:
investment In irrigation developmen
Page 69 and 70:
Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
Page 71 and 72:
highlighted the problems related to
Page 73 and 74:
2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
Page 75 and 76:
command area has reduced the labour
Page 77 and 78:
Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
Page 79 and 80:
y the CADA have led to low producti
Page 81 and 82:
agents as against 90 per cent or mo
Page 83 and 84:
among their members; c) insisting t
Page 85 and 86:
Ansari (1989) shows that there have
Page 87 and 88:
unit of land culti
Page 89 and 90:
subgroup increased from 40 per cent
Page 91 and 92:
1) The maIn activity being undertak
Page 93 and 94:
which are unique in several ways, t
Page 95 and 96:
across the states in different agro
Page 97 and 98:
and social setting In which a proje
Page 99 and 100:
The indepth study to examine the fa
Page 101 and 102:
\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
Page 103 and 104:
understand the problems related to
Page 105 and 106:
of the crop produc
Page 107 and 108:
greater differences between the the
Page 109 and 110:
Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
Page 111 and 112:
specific promotional programmes und
Page 113 and 114:
Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
Page 115 and 116:
3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
Page 117 and 118:
non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
Page 119 and 120:
'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
Page 121 and 122:
strictly adhered to the directions
Page 123 and 124:
4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
Page 125 and 126:
4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
Page 127 and 128:
Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
Page 129 and 130:
in lands having slopes less than 3
Page 131 and 132:
Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
Page 133 and 134:
in terms of underg
Page 135 and 136:
meters. The end of
Page 137 and 138: and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
Page 139 and 140: lands. The average holding size is
Page 141 and 142: The characteristics of</str
Page 143 and 144: size group is the highest in the mi
Page 145 and 146: Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
Page 147 and 148: Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
Page 149 and 150: Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
Page 151 and 152: plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
Page 153 and 154: gt:ographical concentration <strong
Page 155 and 156: Concerted efforts were also made fo
Page 157 and 158: T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
Page 159 and 160: expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
Page 161 and 162: the state cannot be treated as a pu
Page 163 and 164: in gross irrigated area. While cana
Page 165 and 166: development of lan
Page 167 and 168: The annual compound growth rates in
Page 169 and 170: 5.2.1 Dynamics of
Page 171 and 172: area and yield of
Page 173 and 174: A micro level study by Narayanan (1
Page 175 and 176: ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
Page 177 and 178: The debate on conversion of
Page 179 and 180: (Table 5.10). The table indicates t
Page 181 and 182: eqUires substantial investment for
Page 183 and 184: Source: Govt. of K
Page 185 and 186: the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
Page 187: The overall scenario suggests that
Page 191 and 192: the establishment expenditure (stri
Page 193 and 194: a CriSIS. As the works involved In
Page 195 and 196: (ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
Page 197 and 198: 5.15). The table indicates that the
Page 199 and 200: place. There were three revisions J
Page 201 and 202: Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
Page 203 and 204: Let us now examIne the intensity <s
Page 205 and 206: Cost escalation due to arbitration
Page 207 and 208: Another source of
Page 209 and 210: process would be very high. This al
Page 211 and 212: construction for more than 20 years
Page 213 and 214: are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
Page 215 and 216: ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
Page 217 and 218: ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
Page 219 and 220: Chapter 6 Economics of</str
Page 221 and 222: conditions of the
Page 223 and 224: Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
Page 225 and 226: and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
Page 227 and 228: Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
Page 229 and 230: the total allocation has been for t
Page 231 and 232: per cent achievement in physical te
Page 233 and 234: Besides. it has been reported that
Page 235 and 236: I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
Page 237 and 238: ~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
Page 239 and 240:
possible in these lands during Khar
Page 241 and 242:
Hence. it may be argued that since
Page 243 and 244:
It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
Page 245 and 246:
project. where it is very high at R
Page 247 and 248:
proper coordination between variOUS
Page 249 and 250:
deficiencies that help drawing less
Page 251 and 252:
conjunctive use of
Page 253 and 254:
3) Again. due to the high density <
Page 255 and 256:
Table 6.13: Details of</str
Page 257 and 258:
doubts about the senousness <strong
Page 259 and 260:
practice IS more conspIcuous In the
Page 261 and 262:
2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
Page 263 and 264:
large holders have spent two to thr
Page 265 and 266:
Farming is considered mostly as a s
Page 267 and 268:
The profitability
Page 269 and 270:
noticed in the case of</str
Page 271 and 272:
The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
Page 273 and 274:
· 13 Bank assistance programme and
Page 275 and 276:
etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
Page 277 and 278:
Table 6.22: Status of</stro
Page 279 and 280:
Though almost all the farmers repor
Page 281 and 282:
3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
Page 283 and 284:
The net income from vegetables and
Page 285 and 286:
Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
Page 287 and 288:
Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
Page 289 and 290:
It can be seen from the survey data
Page 291 and 292:
een made to examme as to how many f
Page 293 and 294:
a farmer to use water from the dist
Page 295 and 296:
The farmers were asked to reflect u
Page 297 and 298:
evamping needed to reorient the MCS
Page 299 and 300:
supplies. What is more interesting
Page 301 and 302:
the knowledge of i
Page 303 and 304:
All of the five ex
Page 305 and 306:
It is evident from the table that t
Page 307 and 308:
implications on the dynamics <stron
Page 309 and 310:
competitive monocropl2 as no other
Page 311 and 312:
of conversion thro
Page 313 and 314:
involving farmers as active members
Page 315 and 316:
The viability of p
Page 317 and 318:
factors l8 . As a result. the agric
Page 319 and 320:
The rise in price of</stron
Page 321 and 322:
may be observed that the canal seep
Page 323 and 324:
process of paddy l
Page 325 and 326:
Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
Page 327 and 328:
The technical constraints In the de
Page 329 and 330:
2) Lack of irrigat
Page 331 and 332:
manure or fertilisers are also do n
Page 333 and 334:
according to the conventional basin
Page 335 and 336:
Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
Page 337 and 338:
The pattern of act
Page 339 and 340:
eported by CADA of
Page 341 and 342:
Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
Page 343 and 344:
d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
Page 345 and 346:
all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
Page 347 and 348:
irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
Page 349 and 350:
comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
Page 351 and 352:
time lag involved in completion uf
Page 353 and 354:
the state has increased by about 46
Page 355 and 356:
cultivation of com
Page 357 and 358:
through the effective implementatiC
Page 359 and 360:
een the highest in Kallada project
Page 361 and 362:
It was noticed that among the vario
Page 363 and 364:
The institutional paradigm evolved
Page 365 and 366:
of India to be rel
Page 367 and 368:
economically viable. This underscor
Page 369 and 370:
The intensity and spread of
Page 371 and 372:
of allocation and
Page 373 and 374:
shows that filed realities have not
Page 375 and 376:
as water management related factors
Page 377 and 378:
labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380:
Given the dynamics, problems and co
Page 381 and 382:
ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384:
Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386:
Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388:
Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390:
Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392:
Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394:
Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398:
Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400:
Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
show all

economics of on-farm development - Institute for Social and ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?