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the variety <strong>of</strong> the planting matenal used, the crop extraction system followed and the like. However, it is said that irrigating rubber during summer months would improve the soil moisture status and thus. latex flow may not get affected. Again, It is widely reported from the rubber growing tracts that during summer months, the groundwater sources available in the rubber plantations are getting depleted. Based on these, it may be pointed out that in water abundant regions, irrigating the rubber plants may be followed \\ithout compromising the water availability status in the given region. The discussion so far hnngs out a number <strong>of</strong> issues associated with OFD in the command areas. They Include region-specific agro-climatic conditions, topography, groundwater recharge and so on. Given the limitations to adopt OFD, the returns from the plots where it is adopted are significantly higher than those without OFD. But. amon~ ()ther factors, the availability <strong>of</strong> water seems io be one <strong>of</strong> the major limitin~ secondary ill\estments. includm~ factors constraining adoption <strong>of</strong> farm level ()F!) It is rather disappointing to note that in spite <strong>of</strong> the critical importance ()I ()ID to increase water use efficiency and the consequent increase in crop output. its implementation at the farm level is far from cxrected levels. An attemrt has heen made, therefore, in the following chapter to examine the dynamIC' and constraints as perceived by the farmers, in carrying (lut OF!) works in the command areas under reference. It is also expected to throw light on the Illlr0rtant factors determining the farm level adortion <strong>of</strong> OFD as well as the regloll-srecitic rrobiems and constraints in the rursuit <strong>of</strong> land development ;llld \\ :Itn Illanagement measures in the hroader conll:.xt <strong>of</strong> Jgricultural development scenario in Kerala. 267
Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical And Financial Performance <strong>of</strong> CAD Programmes in Kerala, 1985-86 to 1994-95 Activities! Wing Physical Financial Cost per I Physical T Share <strong>of</strong> achievement Expense ha.(Rs.) achievement each item (Hectares) (Rs. I (% share) in finances Lakhs) (%) I. Malampuzha Project I. Agri. Wing 11118 53.99 485.57 15.50 408 2. Soil Conservation 0 000 0001 000 0.00 3. Engineering 50443 1269.40 2516.50·. 70.34 95.92 4. Evaluation 10152 0.00 0.00 14.16 0.00 Sub total 71713 1323.38 1845.39 100.00 100.00 2. Peechi Project 1. Agri. Wing 7053 50.53 716.48 16.29 4.6 I 2. Soil Conservation 335 10.49 3132.54 0.77 0.96 3. Engineering 35313 1035.17 2931.42 81.55 94.43 4. Evaluation 602 0.00 0.00 1.39 0.00 Sub total 43303 1096.20 2531.46 100.00 100.00 3. Walavar Pro'ect I. Agri. Wing 798 1.75 2 I 8.67 24.89 1.55 2. Soil Conservation 0 000 0.00 0.00 i 0.00 3. Engineerin~ 2089 i 110.96 5311.73 65.16 98.4,±- 4. Evaluation 319 . , 0.01 2.51 , 9.95 0.01 Sub total 3206 I 12.72 3515.75 100.00 100.00 4. Gavathri Pro' ect I. Agri. Wing 2472 7.05 285.07 19.35 2.78 2. Soil Conservation 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3. Engineering 9507 246.49 2592.68 74.4 I 97.22 4. Evaluation 798 0.00 0.38 6.25 0.00 Sub total 12777 253.54 1984.32 100.00 10000 5. Pothundy Pro'ect I. Agri. Wing 2298 8.67 377.46 15.27 3.40 2. Soil Conservation 23 0.63 2721.74 0.15 0.25 3. Engineerin~ 10267 245.92 2395.29 68.21 96.36 4. Evaluation 2465i 0.00 0.00 16.38 0.00 Sub total 15053 255.22 1695.50 10000 100.00 268
Page 1 and 2:
, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
Page 3 and 4:
DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
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in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
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ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
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The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
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eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
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The overall scenario suggests that
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project, they tend to undertake yie
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the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
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5.15). The table indicates that the
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place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
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Let us now examIne the intensity <s
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Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Another source of
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process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
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ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
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ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
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Chapter 6 Economics of</str
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conditions of the
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Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
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Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
Page 233 and 234: Besides. it has been reported that
Page 235 and 236: I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
Page 237 and 238: ~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
Page 239 and 240: possible in these lands during Khar
Page 241 and 242: Hence. it may be argued that since
Page 243 and 244: It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
Page 245 and 246: project. where it is very high at R
Page 247 and 248: proper coordination between variOUS
Page 249 and 250: deficiencies that help drawing less
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Page 253 and 254: 3) Again. due to the high density <
Page 255 and 256: Table 6.13: Details of</str
Page 257 and 258: doubts about the senousness <strong
Page 259 and 260: practice IS more conspIcuous In the
Page 261 and 262: 2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
Page 263 and 264: large holders have spent two to thr
Page 265 and 266: Farming is considered mostly as a s
Page 267 and 268: The profitability
Page 269 and 270: noticed in the case of</str
Page 271 and 272: The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
Page 273 and 274: · 13 Bank assistance programme and
Page 275 and 276: etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
Page 277 and 278: Table 6.22: Status of</stro
Page 279 and 280: Though almost all the farmers repor
Page 281 and 282: 3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
Page 283: The net income from vegetables and
Page 287 and 288: Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
Page 289 and 290: It can be seen from the survey data
Page 291 and 292: een made to examme as to how many f
Page 293 and 294: a farmer to use water from the dist
Page 295 and 296: The farmers were asked to reflect u
Page 297 and 298: evamping needed to reorient the MCS
Page 299 and 300: supplies. What is more interesting
Page 301 and 302: the knowledge of i
Page 303 and 304: All of the five ex
Page 305 and 306: It is evident from the table that t
Page 307 and 308: implications on the dynamics <stron
Page 309 and 310: competitive monocropl2 as no other
Page 311 and 312: of conversion thro
Page 313 and 314: involving farmers as active members
Page 315 and 316: The viability of p
Page 317 and 318: factors l8 . As a result. the agric
Page 319 and 320: The rise in price of</stron
Page 321 and 322: may be observed that the canal seep
Page 323 and 324: process of paddy l
Page 325 and 326: Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
Page 327 and 328: The technical constraints In the de
Page 329 and 330: 2) Lack of irrigat
Page 331 and 332: manure or fertilisers are also do n
Page 333 and 334: according to the conventional basin
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Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
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The pattern of act
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eported by CADA of
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Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
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d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
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all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
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irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
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comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
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time lag involved in completion uf
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the state has increased by about 46
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cultivation of com
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through the effective implementatiC
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een the highest in Kallada project
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It was noticed that among the vario
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The institutional paradigm evolved
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of India to be rel
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economically viable. This underscor
Page 369 and 370:
The intensity and spread of
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of allocation and
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shows that filed realities have not
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as water management related factors
Page 377 and 378:
labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380:
Given the dynamics, problems and co
Page 381 and 382:
ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384:
Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386:
Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388:
Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390:
Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392:
Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394:
Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398:
Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400:
Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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