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irrigation projects is not up to the expected levels. On the other hand. the problems <strong>of</strong> cost and time over-runs. capacity under-utilisation. etc .. have been on the increase. raising serious doubts about the very relevance <strong>of</strong> investing in irrigation projects when the state's agriculture has been at an impasse. This calls for a detailed examination <strong>of</strong> various location-specific and other socio-economic factors. influencing the performance <strong>of</strong> irrigation projects in the state. A detailed discussion on the organisational aspects <strong>of</strong> major and medium irrigation sector performance in the state is also worth exploring so as to establish the missing linkages or the lack <strong>of</strong> one to one correspondence between irrigation development and the post-project agricultural development scenario <strong>of</strong> the state. 5.1.1 Physical and financial performance <strong>of</strong> the irrigation sector As mentioned earlier. only 79 per cent <strong>of</strong> the irrigation targets could be achieved in th~ case <strong>of</strong> completed schemes. \\hile the cost escalation had been 611 per cent (table 5.3). In the ease <strong>of</strong> eight schemes. the achievement was less than 70 per cent. While the average time taken to complete the schemes was 19 years, five schemes. viz .. Cheerakuzhi, Pamba, Periyar Valley, Chitturpuzha and Kuttiadi projects took almost 30 vears for completion. The cumulative cost <strong>of</strong> infrastructure development was Rs. 1.39 lakhs per ha. on an average. and it was more than Rs. 3 lakhs in two projects. --------------------------------- Irrig.ation works: and Intensive Paddy Development Yelah works (IPD Yelah) (GOK, 1990:2). 141
T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vSlca an mancla per ormance <strong>of</strong>completedjlrojects, 1995-96 Physical performance Fiscal performance Compl (Net area in hal Cost! (Rs. lakhs) etion Name <strong>of</strong> the Achieve ha. Orig. Rev. Cost time project Target (%) (Iakhs) ment est. est. esc. (%) (years) Chalakudy 26680 18530 69 188 188 0.2 0.11 9 Peechi 17555 15262 87 235 235 0.0 0.15 12 Malampuzha 29463 19802 67 388 580 50.0 0.29 17 Neyyar 16042 8300 52 248 461 86.0 0.55 22 Pothundy 8792 4685 53 234 234 0.1 0.50 13 Gavathri 7651 4880 64 220 220 0.0 0.45 14 Walayar 4536 3752 83 92 1'1 J_ 43.1 0.35 II Vazhani 3565 2113 59 100 100 0.0 0.47 11 Mangalam 4816 3313 69 45 106 135.6 0.32 13 Cheerakuzhi 2268 9-' )- 42 91 91 0.0 0.96 16 Pampa 21135 20710 98 348 6340 1555.6 3.06 29 Perfyar Valley 32800 30567 93 383 6300 l7l1.5 2.06 37 Chitturpuzha 15700 16102 103 106 2080 1862.3 1.29 32 Kuttiadi 14570 14111 97 496 55000 1008.9 3.89 31 Grand total 205573 163079 79 3174 22567 611.0 1.39 19.08 Source: Government <strong>of</strong> Kerala. Economic ReVIew. variOus years. The performance <strong>of</strong> on-going schemes has been far from satisfactory (table 5.4) as the rate <strong>of</strong> achievement was only 22 per cent resulting in a cost escalation to the extent <strong>of</strong> 16:;3 per ccnt. Irrigated area expansiun had taken place only in the casc <strong>of</strong> four schemes. the lowest being in the Kallada scheme (49.35 %). In the rest <strong>of</strong> the schemes. no achie\ement had taken place eyen after 20 years with costs rising above 50Cio per cent in the case <strong>of</strong> two schemes and above 2400 per cent in 5 cases. The cumulativc cost <strong>of</strong> infrastructun: development is more than rupees one lakh in 9 <strong>of</strong> the 15 schemes. It is important to note that this expenditure became unproductive in the absence <strong>of</strong> any commensurate addition to irrigated area. The time-lag appears to he enormous in the on-going schemes. It is almost Jlluhk to that <strong>of</strong> the compkkd schemes. with an average lag <strong>of</strong> 23.6 years. Mention must be made <strong>of</strong> two schemt:s. 142
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
Page 105 and 106: of the crop produc
Page 107 and 108: greater differences between the the
Page 109 and 110: Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
Page 111 and 112: specific promotional programmes und
Page 113 and 114: Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
Page 115 and 116: 3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
Page 117 and 118: non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
Page 119 and 120: '- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
Page 121 and 122: strictly adhered to the directions
Page 123 and 124: 4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
Page 125 and 126: 4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
Page 127 and 128: Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
Page 129 and 130: in lands having slopes less than 3
Page 131 and 132: Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
Page 133 and 134: in terms of underg
Page 135 and 136: meters. The end of
Page 137 and 138: and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
Page 139 and 140: lands. The average holding size is
Page 141 and 142: The characteristics of</str
Page 143 and 144: size group is the highest in the mi
Page 145 and 146: Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
Page 147 and 148: Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
Page 149 and 150: Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
Page 151 and 152: plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
Page 153 and 154: gt:ographical concentration <strong
Page 155: Concerted efforts were also made fo
Page 159 and 160: expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
Page 161 and 162: the state cannot be treated as a pu
Page 163 and 164: in gross irrigated area. While cana
Page 165 and 166: development of lan
Page 167 and 168: The annual compound growth rates in
Page 169 and 170: 5.2.1 Dynamics of
Page 171 and 172: area and yield of
Page 173 and 174: A micro level study by Narayanan (1
Page 175 and 176: ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
Page 177 and 178: The debate on conversion of
Page 179 and 180: (Table 5.10). The table indicates t
Page 181 and 182: eqUires substantial investment for
Page 183 and 184: Source: Govt. of K
Page 185 and 186: the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
Page 187 and 188: The overall scenario suggests that
Page 189 and 190: project, they tend to undertake yie
Page 191 and 192: the establishment expenditure (stri
Page 193 and 194: a CriSIS. As the works involved In
Page 195 and 196: (ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
Page 197 and 198: 5.15). The table indicates that the
Page 199 and 200: place. There were three revisions J
Page 201 and 202: Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
Page 203 and 204: Let us now examIne the intensity <s
Page 205 and 206: Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Another source of
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process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
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ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
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ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
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Chapter 6 Economics of</str
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conditions of the
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Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
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Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
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Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
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possible in these lands during Khar
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Hence. it may be argued that since
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It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
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project. where it is very high at R
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proper coordination between variOUS
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deficiencies that help drawing less
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conjunctive use of
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3) Again. due to the high density <
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Table 6.13: Details of</str
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doubts about the senousness <strong
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practice IS more conspIcuous In the
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2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
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large holders have spent two to thr
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Farming is considered mostly as a s
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The profitability
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noticed in the case of</str
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The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
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· 13 Bank assistance programme and
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etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
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Table 6.22: Status of</stro
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Though almost all the farmers repor
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3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
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The net income from vegetables and
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Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
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Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
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It can be seen from the survey data
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een made to examme as to how many f
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a farmer to use water from the dist
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The farmers were asked to reflect u
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evamping needed to reorient the MCS
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supplies. What is more interesting
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the knowledge of i
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All of the five ex
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It is evident from the table that t
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implications on the dynamics <stron
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competitive monocropl2 as no other
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of conversion thro
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involving farmers as active members
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The viability of p
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factors l8 . As a result. the agric
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The rise in price of</stron
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may be observed that the canal seep
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process of paddy l
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Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
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The technical constraints In the de
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2) Lack of irrigat
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manure or fertilisers are also do n
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according to the conventional basin
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Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
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The pattern of act
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eported by CADA of
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Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
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d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
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all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
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irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
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comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
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time lag involved in completion uf
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the state has increased by about 46
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cultivation of com
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through the effective implementatiC
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een the highest in Kallada project
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It was noticed that among the vario
Page 363 and 364:
The institutional paradigm evolved
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of India to be rel
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economically viable. This underscor
Page 369 and 370:
The intensity and spread of
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of allocation and
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shows that filed realities have not
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as water management related factors
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labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380:
Given the dynamics, problems and co
Page 381 and 382:
ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384:
Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386:
Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388:
Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390:
Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392:
Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394:
Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398:
Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400:
Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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