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Regional imbalances in irrigation development are very conspicuous. For example. 10 out <strong>of</strong> 14 (72 %) completed irrigation projects are located in Palakkad and Thrissur districts. The skewed distribution <strong>of</strong> irrigation projects needs to be explained in tenns <strong>of</strong> the specitic objective for which the irrigation schemes have been designed in the state. Since the objective <strong>of</strong> major and medium projects is to provide irrigation for paddy. thc projects might have been concentrated where agro-c1imatie conditions are more conducive for paddy cultivation. In spite <strong>of</strong> the considerable investment in the development <strong>of</strong> major! medium irrigation systems. the potential created and utilised is neither commensurate with the scale <strong>of</strong> investment made nor In terms <strong>of</strong> area expansion as targeted under various plans. The area brought under irrigation upto 1998-99 including minor irrigation has been 4.45 lakh ha. (net) and 7.25 lakh ha. (gross). The overall scenario <strong>of</strong> performance <strong>of</strong> irrigation sector, particularly major and medium irrigation projects in the state indicate grave mismatch between expectation and actual realisation. The performance <strong>of</strong> major and medium irrigation sector measured 111 terms <strong>of</strong> utilisation <strong>of</strong> potential created has been 79 per cent in the case ot completed schemes and only less than 22 per cent in respect <strong>of</strong> on-going irrigation schemes, with an overall rate <strong>of</strong> utilisation <strong>of</strong> less than 47 per cent. On the other. the problems such as cost and time O\'er runs. caused by enormous delays in completion. have been assuming alarming proportions. While the cost escalation in nominal terms has been 611 per cent in the case <strong>of</strong> completed irrigation schemes. it was 1633 per cent in the case <strong>of</strong> ongoing schemes. The 332
time lag involved in completion uf the schemes was 19 years on an average in the case <strong>of</strong> completed schemes. However. the magnitude <strong>of</strong> unproductive lag appears to be enormous in the on-going schemes and is almost double that <strong>of</strong> the completed schemes, with an an:rage lag <strong>of</strong> 23.6 years. Mention may be made <strong>of</strong> the Kallada and Kanjirapuzha schemes that have already completed 38 years without any substantial benefit to speak <strong>of</strong>. The cost per hectare <strong>of</strong> irrigation potential created under completed schemes was Rs. 1.39 lakhs on an average. Whereas, in the case <strong>of</strong> ongoing schemes, it was more than rupees one lakh in 9 <strong>of</strong> the 15 schemes. It is important to note that this expenditure has remained as sunk capital in the absence <strong>of</strong> any commensurate addition to migated area. The physical and financial performance <strong>of</strong> the completed and ongoing irrigation projects points to the phenomenon <strong>of</strong> gross under-utilisation <strong>of</strong> potential to the extent <strong>of</strong> 35 to 45 per cent in the case <strong>of</strong> most <strong>of</strong> the completed projects and almost 78 per cent in the case <strong>of</strong> ongoing schemes. Surprisingly, in I lout <strong>of</strong> 15 projects, no potential was created yet, in spite <strong>of</strong> massive flow <strong>of</strong> investment over the last two decades and more. An analysis <strong>of</strong> the trends In the financial expenditure and physical achievement in respect <strong>of</strong> the on-going irrigation projects for the period \970-71 to \999-2000 shows that during 1979-80, major chunk <strong>of</strong> the total investment earmarked for ongoing irrigation projects has gone only for four projects, viz., Kuttiadi (23 to 32 %), followed by Periyar Valley (18-27 %), Pamba (\8-21 %) and Pazhassi pruject (11-18 %). From 1980-81 onwards. the trend has, however, changed in favour <strong>of</strong> Kallada. Periyar Valley and Mmattupuzha valley projects. The percentage share <strong>of</strong> Kallada in the total investment has increased from 21 333
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
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in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
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ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
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The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
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eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
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The overall scenario suggests that
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project, they tend to undertake yie
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the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
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5.15). The table indicates that the
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place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
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Let us now examIne the intensity <s
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Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Another source of
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process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
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ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
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ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
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Chapter 6 Economics of</str
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conditions of the
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Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
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Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
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Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
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possible in these lands during Khar
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Hence. it may be argued that since
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It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
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project. where it is very high at R
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proper coordination between variOUS
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deficiencies that help drawing less
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conjunctive use of
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3) Again. due to the high density <
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Table 6.13: Details of</str
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doubts about the senousness <strong
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practice IS more conspIcuous In the
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2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
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large holders have spent two to thr
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Farming is considered mostly as a s
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The profitability
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noticed in the case of</str
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The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
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· 13 Bank assistance programme and
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etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
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Table 6.22: Status of</stro
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Though almost all the farmers repor
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3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
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The net income from vegetables and
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Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
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Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
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It can be seen from the survey data
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een made to examme as to how many f
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a farmer to use water from the dist
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The farmers were asked to reflect u
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evamping needed to reorient the MCS
Page 299 and 300: supplies. What is more interesting
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Page 303 and 304: All of the five ex
Page 305 and 306: It is evident from the table that t
Page 307 and 308: implications on the dynamics <stron
Page 309 and 310: competitive monocropl2 as no other
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Page 313 and 314: involving farmers as active members
Page 315 and 316: The viability of p
Page 317 and 318: factors l8 . As a result. the agric
Page 319 and 320: The rise in price of</stron
Page 321 and 322: may be observed that the canal seep
Page 323 and 324: process of paddy l
Page 325 and 326: Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
Page 327 and 328: The technical constraints In the de
Page 329 and 330: 2) Lack of irrigat
Page 331 and 332: manure or fertilisers are also do n
Page 333 and 334: according to the conventional basin
Page 335 and 336: Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
Page 337 and 338: The pattern of act
Page 339 and 340: eported by CADA of
Page 341 and 342: Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
Page 343 and 344: d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
Page 345 and 346: all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
Page 347 and 348: irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
Page 349: comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
Page 353 and 354: the state has increased by about 46
Page 355 and 356: cultivation of com
Page 357 and 358: through the effective implementatiC
Page 359 and 360: een the highest in Kallada project
Page 361 and 362: It was noticed that among the vario
Page 363 and 364: The institutional paradigm evolved
Page 365 and 366: of India to be rel
Page 367 and 368: economically viable. This underscor
Page 369 and 370: The intensity and spread of
Page 371 and 372: of allocation and
Page 373 and 374: shows that filed realities have not
Page 375 and 376: as water management related factors
Page 377 and 378: labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380: Given the dynamics, problems and co
Page 381 and 382: ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384: Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386: Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388: Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390: Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392: Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394: Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396: GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398: Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400: Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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