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Planning Commission has approved none <strong>of</strong> the revisions made in the estimates <strong>of</strong> the Karapuzha project, beyond the original estimate. In the case <strong>of</strong> Kuttiadi irrigation project, the increase in cost <strong>of</strong> Rs. 1023.56 between first re\'ised estimate over the original estimate has been due to: (i) revision <strong>of</strong> schedule <strong>of</strong> rates (as discussed in table 5.16) in 1972 and 1974; (ii) increase in cost <strong>of</strong> land improvements. and (iii) provision for the construction <strong>of</strong> an additional spillway. A further increase in cstimates was effected to an extent <strong>of</strong> 2964.75 lakhs between the first and second revised estimates and this was attributed to: (i) rise in the cost <strong>of</strong> materials and land (49.85 %); (ii) change in design (11.33 %); and (iii) change in soil classification (4.25 %), inadequate provision in the previous cstimates (17 00) and other reaSll!iS (17.57 %) (CAGL 1993). In the \luvatlupuzha Valky irrigation project a revision 10 estimates has heen made in 1981 to Rs. 480R crores and this was on account <strong>of</strong> cost increases related to land (20.59 %): labour (14.10%); materials (5.43%) and establishment (2.59 %). Further, another revi sion effected in 1992 to Rs. 104.26 crores (at 1990 price level) was due to escalation <strong>of</strong> price and labour charges (42.07%); inadequate provision in the original t:still1att: (2.26 %): unanticipated additional rt:quiremcnt (2.2R %): increase in establishment charges (3.91 %); and due to rise in prices (3.34 %) (CAGL 19(14). Thus, it hecomes ,,:vldent that ther..: were frequent reVISIOns III estimates <strong>of</strong> irrigation projects. which w..:re ncccssitated by the substantial rise III wages, land values as well as material costs. 185
Revenue vis Capital expenditure The expenditure on irrigation. like other sectors. comprIses <strong>of</strong> plan and non-plan expenditure. Plan expenditure constitutes almost 93 per cent <strong>of</strong> the expenditure and the rest being non-plan expenditure. The Plan expenditure is further grouped into two, viz., capital and revenue expenditure J2 . While revenue expenditure comprises <strong>of</strong> salaries. wages. travelling expenses. <strong>of</strong>fice expenses. rent, rates and taxes, publication and others. capital expenditure comprises mainly <strong>of</strong> works (99.8 per cent) and others like tools and plants. making up for the remaining 0.2 per cent. According to the norms fixed by ewe in September 1990. the revenue expenditure on irrigation projects was not to exceed 15 per cent <strong>of</strong> the works expenditure including expenditure on investigation J ] Given this stipulation, it will be interesting to examine the trends In revenue and capital expenditure in the ongoing irrigation projects in Kerala. It may be presumed that in the initial years <strong>of</strong> an irrigation project. the revenue expenditure is likely to be much higher than the ewe stipulation. This argument is examined by using the project-wise data in the case <strong>of</strong> ongoing irrigation systems (Table 5.18). The data shows that the revenue expenditure was more than the stipulated norm <strong>of</strong> 15 per cent in the case <strong>of</strong> eight 32 The nomenclature used in the irrigation depanment documents is establishment and nonestablishment expenditure. The revenue expenditure is other wise classified as establishment expenditure and capital expenditure signifies non-establishment expenditure. rhe share <strong>of</strong> establishment expenditure for a project including leave and pensionary charges. in the case <strong>of</strong> works let out on contract. is <strong>of</strong> the order <strong>of</strong> 10 per cent on an average - X to 10 per cent for scattered works like canals. For works to be executed departmentally. the provisions could be higher and could go uplO 15 per cenl (CWC, 1983:34). 186
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
Page 149 and 150: Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
Page 151 and 152: plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
Page 153 and 154: gt:ographical concentration <strong
Page 155 and 156: Concerted efforts were also made fo
Page 157 and 158: T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
Page 159 and 160: expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
Page 161 and 162: the state cannot be treated as a pu
Page 163 and 164: in gross irrigated area. While cana
Page 165 and 166: development of lan
Page 167 and 168: The annual compound growth rates in
Page 169 and 170: 5.2.1 Dynamics of
Page 171 and 172: area and yield of
Page 173 and 174: A micro level study by Narayanan (1
Page 175 and 176: ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
Page 177 and 178: The debate on conversion of
Page 179 and 180: (Table 5.10). The table indicates t
Page 181 and 182: eqUires substantial investment for
Page 183 and 184: Source: Govt. of K
Page 185 and 186: the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
Page 187 and 188: The overall scenario suggests that
Page 189 and 190: project, they tend to undertake yie
Page 191 and 192: the establishment expenditure (stri
Page 193 and 194: a CriSIS. As the works involved In
Page 195 and 196: (ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
Page 197 and 198: 5.15). The table indicates that the
Page 199: place. There were three revisions J
Page 203 and 204: Let us now examIne the intensity <s
Page 205 and 206: Cost escalation due to arbitration
Page 207 and 208: Another source of
Page 209 and 210: process would be very high. This al
Page 211 and 212: construction for more than 20 years
Page 213 and 214: are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
Page 215 and 216: ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
Page 217 and 218: ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
Page 219 and 220: Chapter 6 Economics of</str
Page 221 and 222: conditions of the
Page 223 and 224: Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
Page 225 and 226: and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
Page 227 and 228: Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
Page 229 and 230: the total allocation has been for t
Page 231 and 232: per cent achievement in physical te
Page 233 and 234: Besides. it has been reported that
Page 235 and 236: I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
Page 237 and 238: ~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
Page 239 and 240: possible in these lands during Khar
Page 241 and 242: Hence. it may be argued that since
Page 243 and 244: It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
Page 245 and 246: project. where it is very high at R
Page 247 and 248: proper coordination between variOUS
Page 249 and 250: deficiencies that help drawing less
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conjunctive use of
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3) Again. due to the high density <
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Table 6.13: Details of</str
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doubts about the senousness <strong
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practice IS more conspIcuous In the
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2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
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large holders have spent two to thr
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Farming is considered mostly as a s
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The profitability
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noticed in the case of</str
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The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
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· 13 Bank assistance programme and
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etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
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Table 6.22: Status of</stro
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Though almost all the farmers repor
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3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
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The net income from vegetables and
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Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
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Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
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It can be seen from the survey data
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een made to examme as to how many f
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a farmer to use water from the dist
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The farmers were asked to reflect u
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evamping needed to reorient the MCS
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supplies. What is more interesting
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the knowledge of i
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All of the five ex
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It is evident from the table that t
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implications on the dynamics <stron
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competitive monocropl2 as no other
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of conversion thro
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involving farmers as active members
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The viability of p
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factors l8 . As a result. the agric
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The rise in price of</stron
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may be observed that the canal seep
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process of paddy l
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Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
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The technical constraints In the de
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2) Lack of irrigat
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manure or fertilisers are also do n
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according to the conventional basin
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Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
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The pattern of act
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eported by CADA of
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Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
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d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
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all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
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irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
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comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
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time lag involved in completion uf
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the state has increased by about 46
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cultivation of com
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through the effective implementatiC
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een the highest in Kallada project
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It was noticed that among the vario
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The institutional paradigm evolved
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of India to be rel
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economically viable. This underscor
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The intensity and spread of
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of allocation and
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shows that filed realities have not
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as water management related factors
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labour intensive farming operations
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Given the dynamics, problems and co
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ground realities associated with cr
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Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
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Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
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Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
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Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
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Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
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Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
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GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
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Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
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Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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