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is a water intensive crop. Those who cultivate the crop need to have their own source <strong>of</strong> irrigation. Farmers 'with their own source <strong>of</strong> irrigation will be able to meet the water requirements <strong>of</strong> the crop more effectively both in terms <strong>of</strong> adequacy and timeliness. whereas. the farmers in the command area depend upon water supply from the project which. normally. is not adequate and timely. This could be one <strong>of</strong> the main reasons for the relatively lower yields <strong>of</strong> banana in the command area. However. the variation in productivity levels is lesser than that <strong>of</strong> other crops as revealed by the coefficient <strong>of</strong> variation <strong>of</strong> 11 per cent against 30, 28 and 13 per cent respectively in arecanut. tapioca and coconut. Table 6.10: Productivity differences in selected crops in the Peechi ayacut - - vis it vis the district Coconut Areeanut Tapioca Banana Year (nos.!aere) (000 nos.! acre) (Kg.!aere) (K.&/ acre) A vaeu! Dist. I A vaeut Dist. Avacut Dist. Ayaeu! Dis!. , 1985-86 ! ~-l7:; 77: -t789 4887 3921 I 72 6761 3968 (58) i (-7) (41) (-19) 1986-87 3270 206-t 80 6619 4321 74 9352 3522 (58) (-7) (41 ) (-18) 1987-88 3460 2183 83 6778 4893 77 9595 3968 ( 58) (-7) ( 42) (-19) 1988-89 4453 2810 84 5822 4853 78 8259 3968 ( 58) (-7) (42) (-18) ! 2765 78 6510 5130 1989-90 4019 65 7976 4170 (-t5) (-17) (23) (-19) 1990-91 3262 2328 89 7704 5964 112 6073 4858 (40) (26 ) (-21 ) (-19) 1991-92 3070 2607 110 6729 6113 139 9717 4615 ( 18) (26) (44 ) (-24 ) 1992-93 3531 2998 99 7057 5224 125 10202 4534 ( 18) (26) (45) (-13 ) 1993-94 3070 2731 90 6251 5868 92 9109 5101 ( 12) (2) ( 46) (-D) 1994-95 3201 2834 95 6251 5868 61 15481 4217 ( 13) (-36 ) ( 148) (-28 ) Mean 3526 2580 89 92 9253 6451 4292 5312 St. Dev. 461.9 307.0 26.8 10.5 2560.1 773.9 479.3 603.3 CV (%) 13.1 11.9 29.9 11.4 27.7 12.0 11.2 I I .4 .. Note: Parenthetic lIgures - arc percentage YIeld . . lhfler~nc
It is mainly due to scarcity <strong>of</strong> water during summer season. Furthermore, majority <strong>of</strong> the plots in the command area are not properly developed After presenting an overview <strong>of</strong> the status <strong>of</strong> production and productivity <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong> the important crops and also incremental output purportedly arising out <strong>of</strong> implementation <strong>of</strong> OFD related CAD programmes, an attempt has been made in what follows to examine the costs and returns from the cultivation <strong>of</strong> paddy. a dominant crop in irrigation commands in Kerala. The details are presented in table 6.11. The data presented in the table are based on the crop cutting expenments conducted by CADA among 255 cultivators randomly selected from eight CAD projects during winter and summer 1993-94 and autumn 1994-95 (C ADA. 1997). The costs include all paid out costs as contained by 'Cost A 5 • as used in the farm management studies. The output in value terms IS estimated uSing the farm harvest prices in the respective seasons. Table 6.11: Cost Bene fi It AnalYSIS 0 fP a dd' I!rmte h CAD I projects m 'K era a Project I Yield Cost Income Net Income (Kg/acre.) (Rs'/ acre) (RsJ acre) (Rs'/ acre) BCR Malampuzha 1311 3096 5584 2489 0.80 Walavar i 1365 3256 5998 2741 0.84 Gayathri 1713 3600 7016 3416 0.95 Pothundv 1949 3698 8383 4686 1.27 Pecchi 876 3043 4177 1135 0.37 Vazhani 979 3173 4806 1633 0.51 Chalakudv 1166 3540 6170 2630 0.74 Neyvar 1501 5125 7421 2296 0.45 Mean 1357 3566 6194 2628 0.74 Std. Dey. 360.88 675.68 1382.46 1083.47 0.29 CV(%) 26.59 18.95 22.32 41.23 39.65 Source Estimated from CADA (1997). 5 Cost A Includes expenditur
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
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in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
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ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
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The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
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eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
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The overall scenario suggests that
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project, they tend to undertake yie
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Page 193 and 194: a CriSIS. As the works involved In
Page 195 and 196: (ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
Page 197 and 198: 5.15). The table indicates that the
Page 199 and 200: place. There were three revisions J
Page 201 and 202: Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
Page 203 and 204: Let us now examIne the intensity <s
Page 205 and 206: Cost escalation due to arbitration
Page 207 and 208: Another source of
Page 209 and 210: process would be very high. This al
Page 211 and 212: construction for more than 20 years
Page 213 and 214: are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
Page 215 and 216: ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
Page 217 and 218: ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
Page 219 and 220: Chapter 6 Economics of</str
Page 221 and 222: conditions of the
Page 223 and 224: Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
Page 225 and 226: and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
Page 227 and 228: Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
Page 229 and 230: the total allocation has been for t
Page 231 and 232: per cent achievement in physical te
Page 233 and 234: Besides. it has been reported that
Page 235 and 236: I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
Page 237 and 238: ~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
Page 239 and 240: possible in these lands during Khar
Page 241: Hence. it may be argued that since
Page 245 and 246: project. where it is very high at R
Page 247 and 248: proper coordination between variOUS
Page 249 and 250: deficiencies that help drawing less
Page 251 and 252: conjunctive use of
Page 253 and 254: 3) Again. due to the high density <
Page 255 and 256: Table 6.13: Details of</str
Page 257 and 258: doubts about the senousness <strong
Page 259 and 260: practice IS more conspIcuous In the
Page 261 and 262: 2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
Page 263 and 264: large holders have spent two to thr
Page 265 and 266: Farming is considered mostly as a s
Page 267 and 268: The profitability
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Page 271 and 272: The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
Page 273 and 274: · 13 Bank assistance programme and
Page 275 and 276: etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
Page 277 and 278: Table 6.22: Status of</stro
Page 279 and 280: Though almost all the farmers repor
Page 281 and 282: 3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
Page 283 and 284: The net income from vegetables and
Page 285 and 286: Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
Page 287 and 288: Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
Page 289 and 290: It can be seen from the survey data
Page 291 and 292: een made to examme as to how many f
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a farmer to use water from the dist
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The farmers were asked to reflect u
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evamping needed to reorient the MCS
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supplies. What is more interesting
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the knowledge of i
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All of the five ex
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It is evident from the table that t
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implications on the dynamics <stron
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competitive monocropl2 as no other
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of conversion thro
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involving farmers as active members
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The viability of p
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factors l8 . As a result. the agric
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The rise in price of</stron
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may be observed that the canal seep
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process of paddy l
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Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
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The technical constraints In the de
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2) Lack of irrigat
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manure or fertilisers are also do n
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according to the conventional basin
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Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
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The pattern of act
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eported by CADA of
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Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
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d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
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all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
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irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
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comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
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time lag involved in completion uf
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the state has increased by about 46
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cultivation of com
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through the effective implementatiC
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een the highest in Kallada project
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It was noticed that among the vario
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The institutional paradigm evolved
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of India to be rel
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economically viable. This underscor
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The intensity and spread of
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of allocation and
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shows that filed realities have not
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as water management related factors
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labour intensive farming operations
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Given the dynamics, problems and co
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ground realities associated with cr
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Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
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Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388:
Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390:
Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392:
Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394:
Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
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Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
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Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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