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Table 1.1: Public investment in irrigation undel'" Five YeaI'" Plan in India (Rs. crol'"es) Plan Period Major/ Cost! ha. Maj.l Minor CAD Grand med. (Rs.)# Med. Irrig. Prog. total$ (% Maj.l Irrig. Minor share) med. I Plan (1951-56) 380 66 ----- 460 83 1200 691 II Plan (1956-61) 380 161 ----- 590 64 1810 2012 III Plan (1961-66) 581 443 ----- I I 10 52 2526 2014 Ann. Plans (1966-69) 434 561 ----- 1039 42 2893 2805 IV Plan (1969-74) 1237 1174 ----- 2583 48 4758 2609 V Plan (1974-79) 2442 14 II 122 4274 57 6075 3713 Ann.Plans (1979-80) 2056 987 88 3359 61 10936 3651 VI Plan (1980-85) 7516 3240 521 11873 63 21610 4544 VII Plan (1985-90) 11107 6427 1428 19904 55 35081 7331 VIII Plan (1992-97) 22414 5977 2510 32525 69 ----. ----- Note: S - Includes expenditure on flood control. Source: GOI. various Plan documents; # Ashok K. Mitra 1997: 19. The ultimate irrigation potential in the country, both surface and groundwater, is 139.89 million ha. The cumulative irrigation potential expected to be achieved by 1998-99 is 92.79 million ha. The potential actually utilised was 83.66 million ha. by the end <strong>of</strong> 1998-99 (GOL 2000). Of the total irrigation potential created. 34.68 million ha. (37 %) is contributed by major and medium surface irrigation projects and 58.11 million ha. (63 %) by minor irrigation projects. In the Ninth Plan, a target IS set for creating additional irrigation capacity <strong>of</strong> 17.05 million ha. compnsIng 9.81 million ha. from major and medium irrigation projects and 7.24 million ha. from minor irrigation projects (GOI. 2000). The massive investment in irrigation and the consequent increase in the number <strong>of</strong> projects has obviously !cd to a perceptible increase ill food security. Food grain production increased from 51 million tonnes ill 1951 to 199 million tonnes by 1997, registenng ~I L'llll1pound annual growth rale <strong>of</strong> 3 per cent. The incremental employment gencratcd by the irrigation potcntial creatcd during the 11
Eighth Plan has been estimated by the government at 8.7 million man years. A significant inverse relation between the incidence <strong>of</strong> poverty9 and the extent <strong>of</strong> irrigation development has been found in several cross-sectional studies based on agro-climatic zones (Rao el ai, 1988; Saleth. 1997). Furthermore. forward and backward linkages <strong>of</strong> irrigation development across the regions and sectors tend to have an impact on employment and income, apart from several multiplier effects. 1.2 The problems and status <strong>of</strong> irrigation development In spite <strong>of</strong> the huge investments for the development <strong>of</strong> large-scale canal-based irrigation projects in the country, the results have not been encouraging enough in terms <strong>of</strong> achievement <strong>of</strong> irrigation potential on the one hand and the overall performance <strong>of</strong> irrigation systems on the other. The Sixth Plan document has admitted that huge investments made in irrigation has yielded disappointingly low results, as is evident from the national average food production per ha. for irrigated lands, which was 1.7 tonnes <strong>of</strong> grain as against 4.5 tonnes at the international level. Moreover. the gap between irrigation potential created and utilised over the plan periods. has increased. which has led to the questionable validity <strong>of</strong> the thrust laid on major and medium irrigation projects. A number <strong>of</strong> problems and operational level constraints adversely affecting the performance 9 While the incidence <strong>of</strong> poverty is as high as 69 per cent in districts with less than 10 per cent <strong>of</strong> cropped area undn irrigation. it is about 26 per Cellt in districts where irrigation covers more than 50 p
Page 1 and 2: , ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
Page 3 and 4: DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
Page 5 and 6: I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
Page 9 and 10: 4.9 Occupational Status of<
Page 11 and 12: 5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
Page 13 and 14: Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
Page 15 and 16: Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
Page 17 and 18: An attempt has been made in this ch
Page 19 and 20: among the people and the process <s
Page 21 and 22: the Indian state had followed a pol
Page 23 and 24: water harvesting 7 by arguing that
Page 25: (World Register of
Page 29 and 30: One of the most im
Page 31 and 32: integrated development of</
Page 33 and 34: inadequate attention given to OFD w
Page 35 and 36: performance of irr
Page 37 and 38: created. According to the Central W
Page 39 and 40: 7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
Page 41 and 42: competent and responsible agency wi
Page 43 and 44: physiographic conditions of
Page 45 and 46: (14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
Page 47 and 48: interventions to improve the operat
Page 49 and 50: a summary of findi
Page 51 and 52: economic analysis of</stron
Page 53 and 54: een brought out by many scholars in
Page 55 and 56: While the economic benefits <strong
Page 57 and 58: sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
Page 59 and 60: such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
Page 61 and 62: the completion of
Page 63 and 64: of rainfed croppin
Page 65 and 66: areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
Page 67 and 68: investment In irrigation developmen
Page 69 and 70: Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
Page 71 and 72: highlighted the problems related to
Page 73 and 74: 2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
Page 75 and 76: command area has reduced the labour
Page 77 and 78:
Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
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in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
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ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
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The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
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eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
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The overall scenario suggests that
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project, they tend to undertake yie
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the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
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5.15). The table indicates that the
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place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
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Let us now examIne the intensity <s
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Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Another source of
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process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
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ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
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ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
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Chapter 6 Economics of</str
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conditions of the
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Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
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Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
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Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
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possible in these lands during Khar
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Hence. it may be argued that since
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It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
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project. where it is very high at R
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proper coordination between variOUS
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deficiencies that help drawing less
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conjunctive use of
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3) Again. due to the high density <
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Table 6.13: Details of</str
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doubts about the senousness <strong
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practice IS more conspIcuous In the
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2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
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large holders have spent two to thr
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Farming is considered mostly as a s
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The profitability
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noticed in the case of</str
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The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
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· 13 Bank assistance programme and
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etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
Page 277 and 278:
Table 6.22: Status of</stro
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Though almost all the farmers repor
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3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
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The net income from vegetables and
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Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
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Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
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It can be seen from the survey data
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een made to examme as to how many f
Page 293 and 294:
a farmer to use water from the dist
Page 295 and 296:
The farmers were asked to reflect u
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evamping needed to reorient the MCS
Page 299 and 300:
supplies. What is more interesting
Page 301 and 302:
the knowledge of i
Page 303 and 304:
All of the five ex
Page 305 and 306:
It is evident from the table that t
Page 307 and 308:
implications on the dynamics <stron
Page 309 and 310:
competitive monocropl2 as no other
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of conversion thro
Page 313 and 314:
involving farmers as active members
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The viability of p
Page 317 and 318:
factors l8 . As a result. the agric
Page 319 and 320:
The rise in price of</stron
Page 321 and 322:
may be observed that the canal seep
Page 323 and 324:
process of paddy l
Page 325 and 326:
Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
Page 327 and 328:
The technical constraints In the de
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2) Lack of irrigat
Page 331 and 332:
manure or fertilisers are also do n
Page 333 and 334:
according to the conventional basin
Page 335 and 336:
Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
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The pattern of act
Page 339 and 340:
eported by CADA of
Page 341 and 342:
Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
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d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
Page 345 and 346:
all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
Page 347 and 348:
irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
Page 349 and 350:
comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
Page 351 and 352:
time lag involved in completion uf
Page 353 and 354:
the state has increased by about 46
Page 355 and 356:
cultivation of com
Page 357 and 358:
through the effective implementatiC
Page 359 and 360:
een the highest in Kallada project
Page 361 and 362:
It was noticed that among the vario
Page 363 and 364:
The institutional paradigm evolved
Page 365 and 366:
of India to be rel
Page 367 and 368:
economically viable. This underscor
Page 369 and 370:
The intensity and spread of
Page 371 and 372:
of allocation and
Page 373 and 374:
shows that filed realities have not
Page 375 and 376:
as water management related factors
Page 377 and 378:
labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380:
Given the dynamics, problems and co
Page 381 and 382:
ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384:
Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386:
Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388:
Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390:
Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392:
Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394:
Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398:
Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400:
Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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