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Thus, given these estimation problems, we confine ourselves to the use <strong>of</strong> 'Cost A'. which includes all the paid out costs in production. mainly wages paid lO labour from planting to harvesting as well as cost <strong>of</strong> material inputs. like cost <strong>of</strong> fertiliser. plant protection chemicals. seeds. etc. The costs and returns <strong>of</strong> the farming operations undertaken by the farmers in the Peechi irrigation project are compared across the different reaches as shown in table 6.19. Table 6.19: Costs and returns from different crops in the Peechi oroiect: Reach-wise (Rs. per acre) Labour Material Crops Total cost Gross Net Pr<strong>of</strong>it cost cost Income returns (%) Head Reach Paddy 2719.2 1604.6 4323.8 7235.5 2911.7 67.3 Banana 5461.0 4880.3 10341.3 35419.0 25077.7 242.5 Coconut 6325.0 1793.8 8118.8 20135.0 12016.2 148.0 Arecanut 5149.1 1314.3 6463.4 8199.7 1736.4 26.8 Tapioca 3250.0 2225.0 5475.0 8758.6 3283.6 60.0 ! Pepper 750.0, 145.0 895.0 4629.5 3734.5 417.3 Plantain 375.0 140.0 515.0 1758.5 1243.5 241.5 Middle Reach I Paddy 1398.3 825.2 2223.5 5428.6 3205.1 144.2 i Banana 4541.2 2717.8 7259.0 22509.0 15250.0 21 0.1 Coconut 4550.0 612.5 5162.5 10290.0 5127.5 99.3 Arecanut 2412.0 625.6 3037.6 6987.6 3949.9 130.1 Tapioca 2750.0 1850 4600.0 6188.8 1588.7 34.5 I Pepper 675.0 125.0 800.0 1453.1 653.1 81.6 , Plantain 250.0 120.0 370.0 1262.5 892.5 241.2 Tail Reach Paddy 1258.75 812.5 2071.25 3875.0 1803.8 87.1 Banana 2458.52 1647.25 4105.77 6458.25 2352.5 57.3 Coconut 1875.45 1254.65 3130.1 5435.25 2305.2 73.6 Arecanut 1647.75 13 1 5.5 2973.25 4357.56 1384.3 46.6 Tapioca 1325.25 675.0 2000.25 2258.5 258.3 12.9 Pepper 345.0 140.0 485.0 1245.0 760.0 156.7 Plantain 225.0 140.0 365.0 1350.0 985.0 269.9 249
The pr<strong>of</strong>itability <strong>of</strong> crops depends upon, among other things, timely and adequate supply <strong>of</strong> water. The data presented in table 6.19 shows the income from various crops across the three reaches <strong>of</strong> the Peechi command area. For instance. the returns on investment in the crops grown in head and middle reaches are high when compared to those in the tail-end. A relatively more assured supply <strong>of</strong> water in the head and middle reaches tends to motivate farmers to apply more doses <strong>of</strong> yield-enhancing inputs. It could be seen from the above table that the cost <strong>of</strong> material inputs per acre <strong>of</strong> banana is as high as Rs. 4880 in the head reaches as against Rs. 2717 and Rs. 1647, in the middle and tail reaches respectively. The pr<strong>of</strong>itability is quite high when compared to other crops. Undependable supply <strong>of</strong> water for the tail enders deprives them to reap the benefits <strong>of</strong> a crop whose pr<strong>of</strong>itahility is more. The maximisation <strong>of</strong> productivity potential <strong>of</strong> a crop and the consequent increase in income depends upon a great deal on adequate supply <strong>of</strong> water. This is also linked, as mentioned earlier, to the OFO works that a farmer takes in his fields. Among the crops. banana is highly pr<strong>of</strong>itable in the head and middle reaches, the percentage <strong>of</strong> net returns being 242 per cent in the head and 210 per cent in the middle reaches. However, the net returns per acre from paddy is higher than that from banana and coconut in the tail reaches. which could be explained in terms <strong>of</strong> the lack <strong>of</strong> availability <strong>of</strong> sufficient water for these crops. The impact <strong>of</strong> OF!) on the yield <strong>of</strong> different crops gruwn in the Peechi irrigation project has been examined by comparing the plots where OFO was adopted and where it was not adopted and the details are presented in table 6.20. It is noteworthy that the net additional earnings from crops grown in the plots 250
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
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in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
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ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
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The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
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eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
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The overall scenario suggests that
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project, they tend to undertake yie
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the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
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5.15). The table indicates that the
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place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
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Let us now examIne the intensity <s
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Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Another source of
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process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
Page 215 and 216: ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
Page 217 and 218: ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
Page 219 and 220: Chapter 6 Economics of</str
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Page 223 and 224: Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
Page 225 and 226: and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
Page 227 and 228: Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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Page 231 and 232: per cent achievement in physical te
Page 233 and 234: Besides. it has been reported that
Page 235 and 236: I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
Page 237 and 238: ~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
Page 239 and 240: possible in these lands during Khar
Page 241 and 242: Hence. it may be argued that since
Page 243 and 244: It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
Page 245 and 246: project. where it is very high at R
Page 247 and 248: proper coordination between variOUS
Page 249 and 250: deficiencies that help drawing less
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Page 253 and 254: 3) Again. due to the high density <
Page 255 and 256: Table 6.13: Details of</str
Page 257 and 258: doubts about the senousness <strong
Page 259 and 260: practice IS more conspIcuous In the
Page 261 and 262: 2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
Page 263 and 264: large holders have spent two to thr
Page 265: Farming is considered mostly as a s
Page 269 and 270: noticed in the case of</str
Page 271 and 272: The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
Page 273 and 274: · 13 Bank assistance programme and
Page 275 and 276: etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
Page 277 and 278: Table 6.22: Status of</stro
Page 279 and 280: Though almost all the farmers repor
Page 281 and 282: 3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
Page 283 and 284: The net income from vegetables and
Page 285 and 286: Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
Page 287 and 288: Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
Page 289 and 290: It can be seen from the survey data
Page 291 and 292: een made to examme as to how many f
Page 293 and 294: a farmer to use water from the dist
Page 295 and 296: The farmers were asked to reflect u
Page 297 and 298: evamping needed to reorient the MCS
Page 299 and 300: supplies. What is more interesting
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Page 303 and 304: All of the five ex
Page 305 and 306: It is evident from the table that t
Page 307 and 308: implications on the dynamics <stron
Page 309 and 310: competitive monocropl2 as no other
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Page 313 and 314: involving farmers as active members
Page 315 and 316: The viability of p
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factors l8 . As a result. the agric
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The rise in price of</stron
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may be observed that the canal seep
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process of paddy l
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Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
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The technical constraints In the de
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2) Lack of irrigat
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manure or fertilisers are also do n
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according to the conventional basin
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Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
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The pattern of act
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eported by CADA of
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Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
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d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
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all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
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irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
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comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
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time lag involved in completion uf
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the state has increased by about 46
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cultivation of com
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through the effective implementatiC
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een the highest in Kallada project
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It was noticed that among the vario
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The institutional paradigm evolved
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of India to be rel
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economically viable. This underscor
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The intensity and spread of
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of allocation and
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shows that filed realities have not
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as water management related factors
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labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380:
Given the dynamics, problems and co
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ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384:
Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386:
Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388:
Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390:
Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392:
Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394:
Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398:
Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400:
Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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