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Table 6.9: Productivity differences in paddy in the Peechi ayacut vis-ii-vis the district Year Kharif (Virippu) .1 Rabi (Mundakan) Summer (Puncha) Ayacut Dis!. I Diff ! A \·acut Dis!. I 0 Diff Ayacut Dist Diff (Kg.! (Kg.! . (%J ! (Kg.! (Kg.! (%) (Kg.! (Ko,:::-,1' (%) acre) acre) I acre) acre) acre) acre) 1985-86 976 790 23.5 994 1029 -3.4 740 1::6 -39.6 1986-87 1209 935 29.2 1000 928 7.8 830 1204 -3 I. I 1987-88 1107 866 27.8 1164 927 25.6 798 1198 -33.4 1988-89 808 809 -0.2 I 153 968 1901 940 1214 -22.6 1989-90 1096 931 17.7 1187 1050 13.1 997 1173 -15.0 1990-91 981 988 -0.7 1162 1083 7.3 1227 1228 -0.1 1991-92 1152 9'~ y- 23.7 1015 1086 -6.5 1217 )"'",j y-- -8.0 1992-93 1102 1048 - ~ ).- 955 1040 -8.1 1132 1346 -15.9 1993-94 1002 972 3.1 787 1060 -25.7 1028 1236 -16.9 1994-95 1001 918 9.1 1563 1213 28.9 1470 1291 13.9 Mean 1043 919 13.8 1098 1038 5.8 1038 1244 -16.8 SI. Dev. 113.8 79.1 11.8 205.4 84.9 17 227.1 56.8 16.1 CV ("/0) 10.9 8.6 85.4 18.7 8.2 292.0 21.9 4.6 -95.6 Source.· EstImated from CADA (1996). This raises some importalll issues. Merely supplying water may not by itself promote highcr proJuctl\ It> unkss the supply is timely and adequate. But the timeliness and adequacy seem to be a casualty in the project as revealed by '" ~ - ---- ~
Hence. it may be argued that since the OFD has not taken place in the scale and intensity warranted in the command area. the designed discharge <strong>of</strong> water seems 10 be not adequate to meet fully the crop-water requirements. Furthermore. the coefficient <strong>of</strong> variation (CV) in productivitv is hioher in - co the command area than at the district level. For instance, the CV in the productivity <strong>of</strong> Kharif paddy is 10.9 per cent as against 8.6 per cent in the district. Same is the case with Rabi and summer paddy. The variation in productivity in the ayacut is higher at 22 per cent compared to Kharif (10.9 %) and Rabi (18.7 %) seasons. Since adequate supply <strong>of</strong> water is not ensured, farmers in the head reaches and other influential farmers tend to acquire more and sufficient water, depriving the tail enders <strong>of</strong> their due share. Therefore. the productivity differentials are bound to be more in irrigation commands. Whereas ralnfed cultivation is nllt subjected to such \ariations in supply <strong>of</strong> water. The productivity differentials. if any, in the rainfed farming are essentially due to, among others, entrepreneurial ability <strong>of</strong> the farmers to apply inputs and other crop-husbandry practices. The performance level <strong>of</strong> other crops, especially commercial crops, like coconut. arecanut, etc., are somewhat different from that <strong>of</strong> paddy, the details <strong>of</strong> which are presented in table 6.10. As seen from the table. the productivity <strong>of</strong> coconut and tapioca in the command area has been much higher than the district average. Barring a few years, the performance <strong>of</strong> arecanut in the command area has been less satisfactory. For the yields have been lower than the district average. What surprises more is, hanana yields in all the years under reference have been invariahly lower than the district average. As a matter <strong>of</strong> fact, banana 224
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
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in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
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ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
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The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
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eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
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The overall scenario suggests that
Page 189 and 190: project, they tend to undertake yie
Page 191 and 192: the establishment expenditure (stri
Page 193 and 194: a CriSIS. As the works involved In
Page 195 and 196: (ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
Page 197 and 198: 5.15). The table indicates that the
Page 199 and 200: place. There were three revisions J
Page 201 and 202: Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
Page 203 and 204: Let us now examIne the intensity <s
Page 205 and 206: Cost escalation due to arbitration
Page 207 and 208: Another source of
Page 209 and 210: process would be very high. This al
Page 211 and 212: construction for more than 20 years
Page 213 and 214: are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
Page 215 and 216: ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
Page 217 and 218: ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
Page 219 and 220: Chapter 6 Economics of</str
Page 221 and 222: conditions of the
Page 223 and 224: Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
Page 225 and 226: and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
Page 227 and 228: Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
Page 229 and 230: the total allocation has been for t
Page 231 and 232: per cent achievement in physical te
Page 233 and 234: Besides. it has been reported that
Page 235 and 236: I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
Page 237 and 238: ~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
Page 239: possible in these lands during Khar
Page 243 and 244: It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
Page 245 and 246: project. where it is very high at R
Page 247 and 248: proper coordination between variOUS
Page 249 and 250: deficiencies that help drawing less
Page 251 and 252: conjunctive use of
Page 253 and 254: 3) Again. due to the high density <
Page 255 and 256: Table 6.13: Details of</str
Page 257 and 258: doubts about the senousness <strong
Page 259 and 260: practice IS more conspIcuous In the
Page 261 and 262: 2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
Page 263 and 264: large holders have spent two to thr
Page 265 and 266: Farming is considered mostly as a s
Page 267 and 268: The profitability
Page 269 and 270: noticed in the case of</str
Page 271 and 272: The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
Page 273 and 274: · 13 Bank assistance programme and
Page 275 and 276: etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
Page 277 and 278: Table 6.22: Status of</stro
Page 279 and 280: Though almost all the farmers repor
Page 281 and 282: 3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
Page 283 and 284: The net income from vegetables and
Page 285 and 286: Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
Page 287 and 288: Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
Page 289 and 290: It can be seen from the survey data
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een made to examme as to how many f
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a farmer to use water from the dist
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The farmers were asked to reflect u
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evamping needed to reorient the MCS
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supplies. What is more interesting
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the knowledge of i
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All of the five ex
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It is evident from the table that t
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implications on the dynamics <stron
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competitive monocropl2 as no other
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of conversion thro
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involving farmers as active members
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The viability of p
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factors l8 . As a result. the agric
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The rise in price of</stron
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may be observed that the canal seep
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process of paddy l
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Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
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The technical constraints In the de
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2) Lack of irrigat
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manure or fertilisers are also do n
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according to the conventional basin
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Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
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The pattern of act
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eported by CADA of
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Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
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d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
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all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
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irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
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comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
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time lag involved in completion uf
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the state has increased by about 46
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cultivation of com
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through the effective implementatiC
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een the highest in Kallada project
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It was noticed that among the vario
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The institutional paradigm evolved
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of India to be rel
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economically viable. This underscor
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The intensity and spread of
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of allocation and
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shows that filed realities have not
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as water management related factors
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labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380:
Given the dynamics, problems and co
Page 381 and 382:
ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384:
Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386:
Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388:
Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390:
Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392:
Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394:
Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398:
Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400:
Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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