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While the inadequate budgetary provision to irrigation projects has delayed the creation <strong>of</strong> full potential. formalities and procedures in\'olved in getting clearance from the Central Water Commission have also contributed to the delay in completion. In fact. most <strong>of</strong> the irrigation schemes have been initiated much before getting formal approval from the CWC (table 5.22). While the approval for projects such as Kuttiadi. Vamanapuram. Pamba and Pazhassi had come within two to three years time. the projects. viz .. Kallada. Chitturpuzha. Karapuzha and Muvatupuzha lOok 5-8 years 10 get the approval from CWe. In the case <strong>of</strong> Chimoni irrigation project, the time taken was almost 15 years. Except three projects, all others are under various stages <strong>of</strong> construction/ completion without any achievement worth mentioning. , Table 5.22: IrrJUallOn projects gol aJl~rova If rom ewc a f ler wor k s I ar I e d Project Year <strong>of</strong> Year <strong>of</strong> Time taken for ACluallag as <strong>of</strong> approval Starr approm/ (years) 200 J (years) I:£CWC Kallada 1961 1966 5 40 Pamba 1961 1964 3 32* Pazhassi 1961 1964 3 40 Kuttiadi 1962 1964 2 31" Chinll!Puzha 1963 1968 5 30" Karapuzha 1972 1978 6 28 Chimonv 1975 1990 15 25 MuvattLJ.Jluzha 1975 1983 8 25 Vamanapuram 1979 1982 3 21 Source CompIled from Netto (1990). The delay caused in the approval <strong>of</strong> the schemes by the CWC appears to be a political economy issue. in the sense that these irrigation projects were initiated under political cxigencies. For exam pic. while all the completed irrigation projects 197
are mainly concentrated in Thrissur and Palakkad districts, (see Table 5.2A) the ongoing projects are spread across regions (Table 5.28). Water pricing and Irrigation Receipts An important organizational impediment In the functioning <strong>of</strong> irrigation systems in India is the non-pricing or under-pricing <strong>of</strong> irrigation water. The Ninth Plan document reiterates that most <strong>of</strong> the states have very low irrigation water rates at substantively varying levels and have not revised these for the last 2-3 decades (GO!, 2000: 2.293). In Kerala, the irrigation receipts collected constituted only 10 to 15 per cent <strong>of</strong> the expenditure incurred on the projects as per the estimates <strong>of</strong> the Ninth Finance Commission. But. the estimates <strong>of</strong> the \linth Finance Commission appear to be over - estimates as the irrigation receipts are hardly 2 per cent <strong>of</strong> the expenditure on the Irrigation sector as revealed from table 5.23. Table: 52 . 3: State expen d' Iture an d revenue r rom pu br Ie sec t or . Irr.!Ka . f IOn Year Receipts (Rs. crores) Expendit Receipts (% Total dey. from <strong>of</strong> exp.) from ure Expend iturc (Rs. Minor Major/ med. Major/ med. (Rs. crores) Minor irrigatio crores) Irrigation Irrigation irrigation n 1991-92 90.81 280.n 1.66 1.21 1.83 1.33 1992-93 95.58 268.19 1.44 0.51 1.51 0.53 I 1993-94 131.46 352.58 236 0.48 1.80 0.37 1994-95 137.39 431.80 1.79 0.56 1.30 0.41 1995-96 170.34 540.02 2.66 0.46 1.56 0.27 1996-97 204.05 648.67 2.01 0.63 0.99 0.31 1997-98 187.79 604.57 2.82 0.67 1.50 0.36 (,OK (2000). Ninth Five Year Plan. In the case <strong>of</strong> minor irrigation sector. the irrigation receipts have been below 0.5 per cent in most cases, whereas. the irrigation receipts in the case <strong>of</strong> major 198
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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Page 163 and 164: in gross irrigated area. While cana
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Page 167 and 168: The annual compound growth rates in
Page 169 and 170: 5.2.1 Dynamics of
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Page 173 and 174: A micro level study by Narayanan (1
Page 175 and 176: ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
Page 177 and 178: The debate on conversion of
Page 179 and 180: (Table 5.10). The table indicates t
Page 181 and 182: eqUires substantial investment for
Page 183 and 184: Source: Govt. of K
Page 185 and 186: the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
Page 187 and 188: The overall scenario suggests that
Page 189 and 190: project, they tend to undertake yie
Page 191 and 192: the establishment expenditure (stri
Page 193 and 194: a CriSIS. As the works involved In
Page 195 and 196: (ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
Page 197 and 198: 5.15). The table indicates that the
Page 199 and 200: place. There were three revisions J
Page 201 and 202: Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
Page 203 and 204: Let us now examIne the intensity <s
Page 205 and 206: Cost escalation due to arbitration
Page 207 and 208: Another source of
Page 209 and 210: process would be very high. This al
Page 211: construction for more than 20 years
Page 215 and 216: ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
Page 217 and 218: ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
Page 219 and 220: Chapter 6 Economics of</str
Page 221 and 222: conditions of the
Page 223 and 224: Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
Page 225 and 226: and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
Page 227 and 228: Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
Page 229 and 230: the total allocation has been for t
Page 231 and 232: per cent achievement in physical te
Page 233 and 234: Besides. it has been reported that
Page 235 and 236: I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
Page 237 and 238: ~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
Page 239 and 240: possible in these lands during Khar
Page 241 and 242: Hence. it may be argued that since
Page 243 and 244: It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
Page 245 and 246: project. where it is very high at R
Page 247 and 248: proper coordination between variOUS
Page 249 and 250: deficiencies that help drawing less
Page 251 and 252: conjunctive use of
Page 253 and 254: 3) Again. due to the high density <
Page 255 and 256: Table 6.13: Details of</str
Page 257 and 258: doubts about the senousness <strong
Page 259 and 260: practice IS more conspIcuous In the
Page 261 and 262: 2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
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large holders have spent two to thr
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Farming is considered mostly as a s
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The profitability
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noticed in the case of</str
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The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
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· 13 Bank assistance programme and
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etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
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Table 6.22: Status of</stro
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Though almost all the farmers repor
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3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
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The net income from vegetables and
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Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
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Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
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It can be seen from the survey data
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een made to examme as to how many f
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a farmer to use water from the dist
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The farmers were asked to reflect u
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evamping needed to reorient the MCS
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supplies. What is more interesting
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the knowledge of i
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All of the five ex
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It is evident from the table that t
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implications on the dynamics <stron
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competitive monocropl2 as no other
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of conversion thro
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involving farmers as active members
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The viability of p
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factors l8 . As a result. the agric
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The rise in price of</stron
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may be observed that the canal seep
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process of paddy l
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Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
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The technical constraints In the de
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2) Lack of irrigat
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manure or fertilisers are also do n
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according to the conventional basin
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Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
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The pattern of act
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eported by CADA of
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Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
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d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
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all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
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irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
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comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
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time lag involved in completion uf
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the state has increased by about 46
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cultivation of com
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through the effective implementatiC
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een the highest in Kallada project
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It was noticed that among the vario
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The institutional paradigm evolved
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of India to be rel
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economically viable. This underscor
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The intensity and spread of
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of allocation and
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shows that filed realities have not
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as water management related factors
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labour intensive farming operations
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Given the dynamics, problems and co
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ground realities associated with cr
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Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
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Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388:
Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390:
Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392:
Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394:
Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398:
Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400:
Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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