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per cent for banana cultivation. II per cent for civil and construction purposes and 5 per cent left uncultivated. In effect. only 24 percent <strong>of</strong> the land is retained for paddy cultivation. The Kerala Statistical Institute (KSI) specifically examInes the issue <strong>of</strong> conversion <strong>of</strong> lands originally registered as paddy field (Nilam) in the basic land tax register during 1992-93. It puts forth the argument that crop substitution was resorted to as a countering mechanism to the declining pr<strong>of</strong>itability <strong>of</strong> paddy cultivation. In 1992-93. only 58 per cent <strong>of</strong> the total area classified as 'paddy field' in the land tax register was actually under paddy. and the rest was used for different purposes. While 6 per cent <strong>of</strong> the area was converted for constructing buildings. roads and other uses. 24 per cent <strong>of</strong> the area was used for growing commercial crops. \ IZ.. (l)(Onut Jnu rubber. S.) per cent tor annuJI and seasonal crops. followed by:; per cent being kept JS fallow (KSI. 1994 as cited in Kannan. 1999). --------------------------------- padd) fields. This undesirable outcome ultimately resulted in fixing up <strong>of</strong> informal contract norms such that the individual contractors who lease out the paddy fields for clay mining would fill the paddy fields in turn with some compact material (mostly soil and pieces <strong>of</strong> stones). Certainly. this has turned out to be a 'blessing in disguise' for the farmers, who have been rescued out <strong>of</strong> legal hurdles involved in the conversion <strong>of</strong> paddy fields. It is important to note that according to the Kerala Land Utilisation Order (GOK, 1967a), clay mining from paddy fields can be done only if the field IS certified as unsuitable for cultivation. But. in reality, this is <strong>of</strong>ten violated. Minnie Mathew Committee (1996) constituted for suggesting amendments to the KcraLI I.and Utilisation Order (19673) observed that though the KLU is in operation. timd ([{)p has declined by 5.1 lakh ha. <strong>of</strong> which, paddy account for 3.04 Iakh ha. (60 %) 157
A micro level study by Narayanan (1994) indicates that there was 60 per cent reduction in the area under paddy from 1107 ha in 1960 to 438 ha in 1980 and the aerial photographs haw shown the area to have declined further to 330 ha in 1990. While the studies by George and Mukherjee (1986); Kannan and Pushpangadan (1990) and Narayana (1990) have shown the relative pr<strong>of</strong>itability <strong>of</strong> cash crops as the reason for the conversion. Narayanan (1994) shows the reasons such as the problem llf availability <strong>of</strong> water. labour. pr<strong>of</strong>itability <strong>of</strong> competing crops. high cost <strong>of</strong> paddy cultivation and the ever decreasing size <strong>of</strong> operational holdings as factors responsible for conversion <strong>of</strong> paddy lands. The study b:- the Popul:H Expert Committee 10 1998 on the conversIOn <strong>of</strong> paddy lands estim:l1ed that 1 ~, lakh ha. <strong>of</strong> paddy area (about 46 %) were converted fnr I1lln-agnculturJI uses and ahllut 0.4 7 Iakh ha. were kept as fallow during 1975- 97. ()f the total area (oll\erted. I S.5 per cent was for tree crops. 7.5 per cent for Jnnual crops and 11.4 per cent tor non-Jgricultural uses. About 11.6 per cent <strong>of</strong> single cropped JreJ and ,:;5 p..:r cent <strong>of</strong> the double-cropped area were also Cl)J]verted (Popular Expert Committee. 1995). -- - There are also evidences sll~l.!estinl.! considerable reduction in the ayacut area <strong>of</strong> irrigation proJects in the ,tate For instance. the evaluation study by CADA ((,A[)A. 1')')(,) n:ports clInsider;illiL' C(lnv..:rSllln <strong>of</strong> paddy fields in the ayacuts <strong>of</strong> ,. clImplcted irrigation proJccts in thl' st;lte ftlr constructing buildings. courtyards. etc. I he ayacllt convertcd Imallll:- pa,hh ;lrC;I) for non-agricultural uses constitute about 15 per cent In the «(lmplcted Img.a!I'"l pfllJcclS (table 5.S). 158
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
Page 121 and 122: strictly adhered to the directions
Page 123 and 124: 4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
Page 125 and 126: 4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
Page 127 and 128: Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
Page 129 and 130: in lands having slopes less than 3
Page 131 and 132: Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
Page 133 and 134: in terms of underg
Page 135 and 136: meters. The end of
Page 137 and 138: and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
Page 139 and 140: lands. The average holding size is
Page 141 and 142: The characteristics of</str
Page 143 and 144: size group is the highest in the mi
Page 145 and 146: Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
Page 147 and 148: Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
Page 149 and 150: Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
Page 151 and 152: plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
Page 153 and 154: gt:ographical concentration <strong
Page 155 and 156: Concerted efforts were also made fo
Page 157 and 158: T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
Page 159 and 160: expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
Page 161 and 162: the state cannot be treated as a pu
Page 163 and 164: in gross irrigated area. While cana
Page 165 and 166: development of lan
Page 167 and 168: The annual compound growth rates in
Page 169 and 170: 5.2.1 Dynamics of
Page 171: area and yield of
Page 175 and 176: ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
Page 177 and 178: The debate on conversion of
Page 179 and 180: (Table 5.10). The table indicates t
Page 181 and 182: eqUires substantial investment for
Page 183 and 184: Source: Govt. of K
Page 185 and 186: the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
Page 187 and 188: The overall scenario suggests that
Page 189 and 190: project, they tend to undertake yie
Page 191 and 192: the establishment expenditure (stri
Page 193 and 194: a CriSIS. As the works involved In
Page 195 and 196: (ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
Page 197 and 198: 5.15). The table indicates that the
Page 199 and 200: place. There were three revisions J
Page 201 and 202: Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
Page 203 and 204: Let us now examIne the intensity <s
Page 205 and 206: Cost escalation due to arbitration
Page 207 and 208: Another source of
Page 209 and 210: process would be very high. This al
Page 211 and 212: construction for more than 20 years
Page 213 and 214: are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
Page 215 and 216: ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
Page 217 and 218: ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
Page 219 and 220: Chapter 6 Economics of</str
Page 221 and 222: conditions of the
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Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
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Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
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Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
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possible in these lands during Khar
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Hence. it may be argued that since
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It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
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project. where it is very high at R
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proper coordination between variOUS
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deficiencies that help drawing less
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conjunctive use of
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3) Again. due to the high density <
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Table 6.13: Details of</str
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doubts about the senousness <strong
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practice IS more conspIcuous In the
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2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
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large holders have spent two to thr
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Farming is considered mostly as a s
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The profitability
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noticed in the case of</str
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The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
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· 13 Bank assistance programme and
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etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
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Table 6.22: Status of</stro
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Though almost all the farmers repor
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3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
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The net income from vegetables and
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Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
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Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
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It can be seen from the survey data
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een made to examme as to how many f
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a farmer to use water from the dist
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The farmers were asked to reflect u
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evamping needed to reorient the MCS
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supplies. What is more interesting
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the knowledge of i
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All of the five ex
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It is evident from the table that t
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implications on the dynamics <stron
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competitive monocropl2 as no other
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of conversion thro
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involving farmers as active members
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The viability of p
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factors l8 . As a result. the agric
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The rise in price of</stron
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may be observed that the canal seep
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process of paddy l
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Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
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The technical constraints In the de
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2) Lack of irrigat
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manure or fertilisers are also do n
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according to the conventional basin
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Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
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The pattern of act
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eported by CADA of
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Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
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d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
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all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
Page 347 and 348:
irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
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comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
Page 351 and 352:
time lag involved in completion uf
Page 353 and 354:
the state has increased by about 46
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cultivation of com
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through the effective implementatiC
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een the highest in Kallada project
Page 361 and 362:
It was noticed that among the vario
Page 363 and 364:
The institutional paradigm evolved
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of India to be rel
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economically viable. This underscor
Page 369 and 370:
The intensity and spread of
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of allocation and
Page 373 and 374:
shows that filed realities have not
Page 375 and 376:
as water management related factors
Page 377 and 378:
labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380:
Given the dynamics, problems and co
Page 381 and 382:
ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384:
Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386:
Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388:
Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390:
Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392:
Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394:
Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398:
Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400:
Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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