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Herring, Ronald (1991): Contesting the Great Transformation: Land and Labour in South india, Cornell University (manuscript as cited in Heller. Patrick i999). Hirschman, A (1958): The Strategy <strong>of</strong> Economic Development, Yale University . Press, New Haven. Hutapea, et al... (1979): 'The Organisation <strong>of</strong> Farm Level Irrigation in Indonesia', In: Taylor and T. Wickham (Eds.), irrigation Policy and the Management <strong>of</strong> irrigation System in S E Asia, ADC, Bangkok. Ishikawa, S. (1967): Economic Development in Asian Perspective, Kinokuniya Book Store, Tokyo. Islam, Mufakharul (1997): irrigation. Agriculture and the Ra( Punjab. 1887- 1947, Manohar Publishers, New Delhi. Joshi, L. K. (2000): . Irrigation and Its Management in India: Need for Paradigm shift'. In: L. K. Joshi, and Rajesh Hooja (eds), Participatory irrigation Management. Paradigm for 21 st Century, Vol.I Rawat Publications, Jaipur. Kalecki, M. (1972): 'Social and Economic Aspects <strong>of</strong> Intermediate Regimes', In: Selected Essays on the Economic Growth <strong>of</strong> the Socialist and Mixed Economy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Kannan, K. P. (1988): Of Rural Proletarian Struggles: Mobilisation and Organisation <strong>of</strong> Rural Workers in South West India. Oxford University Press. New Delhi. Kannan, K. P. (1992): 'Labour Institutions and the Development Process in Kerala', In T.S. Papola and Gerry Rodgers (eds.), Labour Institutions and Economic Development in india, International Institute <strong>of</strong> Labour Studies, Geneva. Kanwar, J. S. (Ed.) (1988): Water Management: The Key to Developing Agriculture, Agricole Publishing Academy, New Delhi. Kay, Melvin; Tom Franks and Laurence Smith (eds.) (1997): Water: Economics, Management and Demand, International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the 18 th European Regional Conference held in Oxford, U.K, E & FN Span, London. Kemper, Karin E and Larry D. Simpson (1999): 'The Water Market in the Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District: Institutional Implications', In: Manuel Marino, and Karin E Kemper (Eds.), Institutional Frameworks in Successful Water Markets, Brazil, Spain & Colorado, USA, World Bank Technical Paper No. 427, The World Bank, Washington D.C.,pp. 21-43). Kohli, Atul (1987): The State and Poverty in India.· The Politics <strong>of</strong> Reform, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Kothari, Rajni, (1988): State Against Democracy, Ajanta, New Delhi. 366
Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics and the People, Ajanta, New Delhi. Kumar, P (1978): Economics <strong>of</strong> Water Management: A Study <strong>of</strong> Field Channels, Heritage Publications, New Delhi. Lde, S,N. and R.K. Patil (1994): Farmers' Participation Management: A Case Study <strong>of</strong> Maharashtra, Society Participation in Ecosystem Management in Association India Books, New Delhi. Longhurst, A.L. (1917): Hampi Ruins, Madras Government Press, Madras. in irrigation for Peoples' with Horizon Macpherson, W.1. (1972): 'Economic Development in India under the British Crown, 1858-1941', In: A.1. Youngson, (eds.) Economic Development in the Long Run, London. Malony, Clarence and K.V. Raju (1994): Managing irrigation Together: Practice and Policy in india, Sage Publications, New Delhi. Mateer, Samuel (1991): Native L~fe New Delhi (Reprint <strong>of</strong> 1883). in Travancore, Asia Educational Service, Miliband, Ralph (1978): The State in Capitalist Society: An Analysis <strong>of</strong> the Western Systems <strong>of</strong> Power, Quartet Books, London. Mukherjee, Chandan and A. Vaidyanathan (1988): 'State-wise Analysis <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Growth'. In: Narain, et al. (eds.), Recent Advances in Agricultural Statistics Research, John Wiley. New Delhi. Murthy. V.V.N. and K. Takeuchi (1996): Land and Water Development for Agriculture in the Asia- Pacific Region. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVl. Ltd., New Delhi. Myrdal, G. (1958): Economic Theory and Underdeveloped Regions, Vora & Co., Bombay. Olson, Mancur (1965): The Logic <strong>of</strong> Collective Action, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Ostrom, Elinor (1990): Governing the Commons: The Evolution <strong>of</strong> institutions for Collective Action, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Parihar, S.S. et af. (1990): Water Resources <strong>of</strong> Punjab: Critical Failure <strong>of</strong> its Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Paustian, Paul W. (1925), Canal irrigation in the Punjab, New York. Pillai, P.P. (ed.) (1982): Agricultural Development in Kerala, Agricole Publishing Company, New Delhi. Redclift, Michael (1987): Sustainable Development. Methuen, London and New York. Reidinger, R (1974): Water Management by Administrative Procedures in (111 indian irrigation System, cited in Coward, 1980. Rogers, E.M. (1995): Diffusion <strong>of</strong> innovations, Fourth Edition, Free Press <strong>of</strong> Glencoe, New York. 367
Page 1 and 2:
, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
Page 3 and 4:
DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
Page 29 and 30:
One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
Page 35 and 36:
performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
Page 45 and 46:
(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
Page 47 and 48:
interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
Page 51 and 52:
economic analysis of</stron
Page 53 and 54:
een brought out by many scholars in
Page 55 and 56:
While the economic benefits <strong
Page 57 and 58:
sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
Page 59 and 60:
such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
Page 61 and 62:
the completion of
Page 63 and 64:
of rainfed croppin
Page 65 and 66:
areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
Page 67 and 68:
investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
Page 71 and 72:
highlighted the problems related to
Page 73 and 74:
2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
Page 75 and 76:
command area has reduced the labour
Page 77 and 78:
Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
Page 79 and 80:
y the CADA have led to low producti
Page 81 and 82:
agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
Page 85 and 86:
Ansari (1989) shows that there have
Page 87 and 88:
unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
Page 93 and 94:
which are unique in several ways, t
Page 95 and 96:
across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
Page 103 and 104:
understand the problems related to
Page 105 and 106:
of the crop produc
Page 107 and 108:
greater differences between the the
Page 109 and 110:
Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
Page 113 and 114:
Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
Page 125 and 126:
4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
Page 151 and 152:
plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
Page 163 and 164:
in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
Page 167 and 168:
The annual compound growth rates in
Page 169 and 170:
5.2.1 Dynamics of
Page 171 and 172:
area and yield of
Page 173 and 174:
A micro level study by Narayanan (1
Page 175 and 176:
ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
Page 177 and 178:
The debate on conversion of
Page 179 and 180:
(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
Page 181 and 182:
eqUires substantial investment for
Page 183 and 184:
Source: Govt. of K
Page 185 and 186:
the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
Page 187 and 188:
The overall scenario suggests that
Page 189 and 190:
project, they tend to undertake yie
Page 191 and 192:
the establishment expenditure (stri
Page 193 and 194:
a CriSIS. As the works involved In
Page 195 and 196:
(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
Page 197 and 198:
5.15). The table indicates that the
Page 199 and 200:
place. There were three revisions J
Page 201 and 202:
Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
Page 203 and 204:
Let us now examIne the intensity <s
Page 205 and 206:
Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Another source of
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process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
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ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
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ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
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Chapter 6 Economics of</str
Page 221 and 222:
conditions of the
Page 223 and 224:
Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
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Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
Page 231 and 232:
per cent achievement in physical te
Page 233 and 234:
Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
Page 239 and 240:
possible in these lands during Khar
Page 241 and 242:
Hence. it may be argued that since
Page 243 and 244:
It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
Page 245 and 246:
project. where it is very high at R
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proper coordination between variOUS
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deficiencies that help drawing less
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conjunctive use of
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3) Again. due to the high density <
Page 255 and 256:
Table 6.13: Details of</str
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doubts about the senousness <strong
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practice IS more conspIcuous In the
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2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
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large holders have spent two to thr
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Farming is considered mostly as a s
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The profitability
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noticed in the case of</str
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The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
Page 273 and 274:
· 13 Bank assistance programme and
Page 275 and 276:
etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
Page 277 and 278:
Table 6.22: Status of</stro
Page 279 and 280:
Though almost all the farmers repor
Page 281 and 282:
3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
Page 283 and 284:
The net income from vegetables and
Page 285 and 286:
Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
Page 287 and 288:
Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
Page 289 and 290:
It can be seen from the survey data
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een made to examme as to how many f
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a farmer to use water from the dist
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The farmers were asked to reflect u
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evamping needed to reorient the MCS
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supplies. What is more interesting
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the knowledge of i
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All of the five ex
Page 305 and 306:
It is evident from the table that t
Page 307 and 308:
implications on the dynamics <stron
Page 309 and 310:
competitive monocropl2 as no other
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of conversion thro
Page 313 and 314:
involving farmers as active members
Page 315 and 316:
The viability of p
Page 317 and 318:
factors l8 . As a result. the agric
Page 319 and 320:
The rise in price of</stron
Page 321 and 322:
may be observed that the canal seep
Page 323 and 324:
process of paddy l
Page 325 and 326:
Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
Page 327 and 328:
The technical constraints In the de
Page 329 and 330:
2) Lack of irrigat
Page 331 and 332:
manure or fertilisers are also do n
Page 333 and 334: according to the conventional basin
Page 335 and 336: Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
Page 337 and 338: The pattern of act
Page 339 and 340: eported by CADA of
Page 341 and 342: Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
Page 343 and 344: d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
Page 345 and 346: all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
Page 347 and 348: irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
Page 349 and 350: comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
Page 351 and 352: time lag involved in completion uf
Page 353 and 354: the state has increased by about 46
Page 355 and 356: cultivation of com
Page 357 and 358: through the effective implementatiC
Page 359 and 360: een the highest in Kallada project
Page 361 and 362: It was noticed that among the vario
Page 363 and 364: The institutional paradigm evolved
Page 365 and 366: of India to be rel
Page 367 and 368: economically viable. This underscor
Page 369 and 370: The intensity and spread of
Page 371 and 372: of allocation and
Page 373 and 374: shows that filed realities have not
Page 375 and 376: as water management related factors
Page 377 and 378: labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380: Given the dynamics, problems and co
Page 381 and 382: ground realities associated with cr
Page 383: Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 387 and 388: Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390: Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392: Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394: Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396: GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398: Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400: Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402: Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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