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NSSO (1985): Sar\'(:kshana. 9 (I). National Sample Survey Organisation New Delhi. ' Rubber Board (1999): Indian RuMer Statistics, Vol. 23. Kottayam, Kerala. IV. Otllu Reports/ Documents/ Working papers Alexandratos, N. (Ed.) (1995): World Agriculture Towards 2010, An FAO Study. Chichister, Wiley. Ansari. N (1989): 'Rehabilitation <strong>of</strong> Communal Irrigation Schemes in Nepal, ODI-IIMllrrigation Management Network Paper, 89/1C, June. APO (1991): Farm Level Irrigatio/l Water Management. Asian Productivity Organisation. Tokyo. Asad. M, L. Azevedo, K.E. Kemper and L. D. Simpson (1999): Management <strong>of</strong> Water Resources: Bulk Water Pricing I Brazil, World Bank Technical Paper No. 32. Babu. K.S.. R. Balakrishnan Asan. S. Rageena, C. Bhaskaran, N. Mohanakumaran and U. Mohammed Kunju (1993): 'Trends in Area. Production and Productivity <strong>of</strong> Major Crops in Kerala·. National Agricultural Research ProJect (Southern Zone). Kerala Agricultural llniversity. Vellayani Baby. A. A. (1996): Trends in Agricultural Wages in Kerala, 1960-1990. Centre for Development Studies. Thiruvanthapuram. Occasional Paper Series. Binswanger. H.P.. S.R. Khandkar and M.R. Rosenzweig (1989): 'How Infrastructure and Financial Institutions affect Agriculture Output and Investment in India', Policy Planning and Research Working Paper No, 163. World Bank, Latin America and the Caribbean Country Department II. Washington, DC. Bottral, Anthony (198 I): 'Managing Large Irrigation Schemes: A Problem <strong>of</strong> Political Economy'. Overseas Development Institute (ODI), Agricultural Administration Unit, Occasional Papers 5, London. Chand, Ramesh (2000): 'Emerging Trends and Regional Variations in Agricultural Investments and Their Implications for Growth and Equity', National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research (NC AP). New Delhi. Policy Paper II. CMIE (1994): Basic Statistics Relating to States <strong>of</strong> India, Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy, Bombay. CSE (1985): The State <strong>of</strong> India's Environment' The Second Citizen's Report. Centre for Science and Environment New Delhi. FAO (l993a): 'The State <strong>of</strong> Food and Agriculture'. FAO Agriculture Series No. 26. Food and Agriculture Organisation, the United Nations, Rome. FAO (l993b): 'Agriculture Towards2010',ln: Alexandratos, N. (Ed.) (1995) 378
Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988): 'Developing Partnership in the Management <strong>of</strong> lITIgation Systems'. ODI-IIMI Irrigation Management Network Paper, 8811 C, June. IFPRI ~ 1994): Water Resource Allocation: Agricultural Pruductivity and Envlrunmental Impacts, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washmgton, D.C. IIMI (1993): Advancements in IIMl's Research. 1992, International Irrigation Management Institute Colombo. Sri Lanka. INCOLD (1992): Register <strong>of</strong> Large Dams in India, Indian National Committee on Large Dams Central Board <strong>of</strong> Irrigation and Power (CBIP). New Delhi, October. INCOLD (1979): Major Dams in India. Indian National Committee on Large Dams. Central Board <strong>of</strong> Irrigation and Power, New Delhi. INCOLD (1998): Wurld Register <strong>of</strong> Large Dams, International Committee on Large Dams. Janakarajan. S. and A. Vaidyanathan (1998): 'Conditions and Characteristics <strong>of</strong> Groundwater Irrigation in Tamilnadu: A study <strong>of</strong> the Periyar Vaigai Basin'. Madras Institute <strong>of</strong> Development Studies, Chennai (Mimeo). Kannan. K. P. (1998): . Political Economy <strong>of</strong> Labour and Development in Kerala·. Wurking Paper Xo. 2.'i-lCentre for Development Studies, Thiruvananthapuram. Kannan, K.P, and K. Pushpangadan (1990): . Dissecting Agricultural Stagnation in Kerala: An Analysis across Crops, Seasons and Regions'. Centre fOf Development Studies, Working Paper No., 238. Trivandrum. KSI (1994): Conversion <strong>of</strong> Paddy Land in Kerala, Kerala Statistical Institute, Thiruvananthapuram. KSSP (1988): . Eighth Plan <strong>of</strong> Kerala: A Preface to the Discussions', (Malayalam). Kerala Sasthra Sahitya Parishad, Trichur. Lenton. Roberto (1982): 'Management Tools for Improving Irrigation Performance'. A paper presented at a Special Course on Water Management in Irrigation System. Central Water Commission, New Delhi. Madhavachandran, K (1999): .. Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Beneficiary Farmers' Associations under Command Area Development (CAD) Programme in Kerala', Final Report Submilled to The Indian National Commillee on Irrigation and Drainage (INC/D). New Delhi. CWRDM. January, 115p. Mitra. Ashok K. (1997): Irrigation Management and Pricing <strong>of</strong> Irrigation Water, NABARD Occassiunal Paper No. -I, National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development. Mumbai, 103p. 379
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
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in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
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ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
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The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
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eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
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The overall scenario suggests that
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project, they tend to undertake yie
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the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
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5.15). The table indicates that the
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place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
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Let us now examIne the intensity <s
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Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Another source of
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process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
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ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
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ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
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Chapter 6 Economics of</str
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conditions of the
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Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
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Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
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Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
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possible in these lands during Khar
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Hence. it may be argued that since
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It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
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project. where it is very high at R
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proper coordination between variOUS
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deficiencies that help drawing less
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conjunctive use of
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3) Again. due to the high density <
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Table 6.13: Details of</str
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doubts about the senousness <strong
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practice IS more conspIcuous In the
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2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
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large holders have spent two to thr
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Farming is considered mostly as a s
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The profitability
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noticed in the case of</str
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The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
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· 13 Bank assistance programme and
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etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
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Table 6.22: Status of</stro
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Though almost all the farmers repor
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3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
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The net income from vegetables and
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Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
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Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
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It can be seen from the survey data
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een made to examme as to how many f
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a farmer to use water from the dist
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The farmers were asked to reflect u
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evamping needed to reorient the MCS
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supplies. What is more interesting
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the knowledge of i
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All of the five ex
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It is evident from the table that t
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implications on the dynamics <stron
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competitive monocropl2 as no other
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of conversion thro
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involving farmers as active members
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The viability of p
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factors l8 . As a result. the agric
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The rise in price of</stron
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may be observed that the canal seep
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process of paddy l
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Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
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The technical constraints In the de
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2) Lack of irrigat
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manure or fertilisers are also do n
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according to the conventional basin
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Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
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The pattern of act
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eported by CADA of
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Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
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d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
Page 345 and 346: all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
Page 347 and 348: irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
Page 349 and 350: comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
Page 351 and 352: time lag involved in completion uf
Page 353 and 354: the state has increased by about 46
Page 355 and 356: cultivation of com
Page 357 and 358: through the effective implementatiC
Page 359 and 360: een the highest in Kallada project
Page 361 and 362: It was noticed that among the vario
Page 363 and 364: The institutional paradigm evolved
Page 365 and 366: of India to be rel
Page 367 and 368: economically viable. This underscor
Page 369 and 370: The intensity and spread of
Page 371 and 372: of allocation and
Page 373 and 374: shows that filed realities have not
Page 375 and 376: as water management related factors
Page 377 and 378: labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380: Given the dynamics, problems and co
Page 381 and 382: ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384: Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386: Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388: Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390: Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392: Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394: Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395: GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 399 and 400: Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402: Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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