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skeptical about the usefulness <strong>of</strong> the MeS, which is further accentuated by the non-compliance to proper and regular 0 &M works to rehabilitate the structures and distribution system. At present, the status <strong>of</strong> water distribution under MCS in the Kallada project. according to the farmers, is almost in a dilapidated state. The repair or revamping <strong>of</strong> the system. if taken up now, costs as much as the investment made on the whole irrigation system originally. The overall performance <strong>of</strong> the Peechi and Kallada irrigation projects in terms <strong>of</strong> timely release <strong>of</strong> water, its adequacy, the response <strong>of</strong> the department to farmers' needs and requests have been examined. Farmers' views on some <strong>of</strong> these issues have been presented in table 7.7. Table 7.7: Farmers' reSDonses towards irrie:ation system performance (% <strong>of</strong> farmers) Peechi Irrigation Kallada Irrigation F arrners satisfied with Project Project HR MR TR HR MR TR Time <strong>of</strong> opening and closing <strong>of</strong> canal 48 46 52 31 29 23 Water flow in the canal 17 23 34 1 I 15 12 Maintenance <strong>of</strong> canal and field channels 24 19 27 18 13 17 Attendinll. complaints 19 14 25 7 8 19 Functioninll. <strong>of</strong>CADN MCS 26 22 35 17 21 15 Total farmers (No-:) 50 45 20 78 65 57 Note: HR: Head Reach; MR: Middle Reach; TR: Tall Reach. Almost 50 per cent <strong>of</strong> the farmers surveyed in the Peechi project are satisfied with the opening and closing <strong>of</strong> the canals for irrigation purposes, which is highly desirable. For, the productivity <strong>of</strong> "crops depends upon, other things, timely cultural operations, which, in turn, depends on the canal water 7 An e)(amination <strong>of</strong> the status <strong>of</strong> functioning <strong>of</strong> MCS in the two head reach distributories, viz., Punnala and Chekom <strong>of</strong> the right bank canal indicate that about 60 to 74 per cent <strong>of</strong> lhe hydrants attached to MCS require immediate replacement. 281
supplies. What is more interesting is that 52 per cent <strong>of</strong> the farmers from tail reaches in the Peechi are satisfied with the canal operation schedule, which is non-conventional, because <strong>of</strong> the much reported tail end distribution problems. But. the Peechi project seems to be an exceptionS in this regard. But, the Kallada project is different as a majority <strong>of</strong> the farmers are not satisfied 9 about the canal operation schedule, as revealed by the survey data. The foregoing discussion brings out, in general, the perceptions <strong>of</strong> farmers about the OFD related activities in the two study projects. In this regard, it is important to note that there are various operational constraints between the project envisaged outcomes and the actual realisation at the farm level. While this gives a broader spectrum <strong>of</strong> the issues and problems, it is necessary to look at the farm specific and region-specific factors determining farm level secondary investments in undertaking OFD in the irrigation projects. 8 This may appear to be a sharp contrast with the other canal systems as the tail reaches are widely known for the problems <strong>of</strong> water shortage. The water release in the Peechi canal ·,ystem is mainly intended for kole lands that are located in the tail reaches <strong>of</strong> the project and water is released during summer months to cater to the requirements <strong>of</strong> paddy cultivation (For a brief description <strong>of</strong> kole lands, see Chapter ~). , This dissatisfaction emerges out <strong>of</strong> the differences in cropping pattern as well as input use, especially use <strong>of</strong> different seeds being followed by the farmers within and across the three reaches. The dissimilar practices are also due to delays in farming practices caused by shortage <strong>of</strong> labour. As a result, when some farmers will be doing harvesting, some will be doing sowing, planting and so on. This leads to conflicts <strong>of</strong> interests among the farmers with respect to water release. For, when water is released in the canal on the request <strong>of</strong> farmers who are doing the tilling and sowing operations, that adversely affects the farmers who are doing harvesting and even causes crop loss. 282
Page 1 and 2:
, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
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in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
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ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
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The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
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eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
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The overall scenario suggests that
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project, they tend to undertake yie
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the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
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5.15). The table indicates that the
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place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
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Let us now examIne the intensity <s
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Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Another source of
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process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
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ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
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ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
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Chapter 6 Economics of</str
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conditions of the
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Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
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Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
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Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
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possible in these lands during Khar
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Hence. it may be argued that since
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It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
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project. where it is very high at R
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Page 249 and 250: deficiencies that help drawing less
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Page 253 and 254: 3) Again. due to the high density <
Page 255 and 256: Table 6.13: Details of</str
Page 257 and 258: doubts about the senousness <strong
Page 259 and 260: practice IS more conspIcuous In the
Page 261 and 262: 2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
Page 263 and 264: large holders have spent two to thr
Page 265 and 266: Farming is considered mostly as a s
Page 267 and 268: The profitability
Page 269 and 270: noticed in the case of</str
Page 271 and 272: The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
Page 273 and 274: · 13 Bank assistance programme and
Page 275 and 276: etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
Page 277 and 278: Table 6.22: Status of</stro
Page 279 and 280: Though almost all the farmers repor
Page 281 and 282: 3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
Page 283 and 284: The net income from vegetables and
Page 285 and 286: Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
Page 287 and 288: Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
Page 289 and 290: It can be seen from the survey data
Page 291 and 292: een made to examme as to how many f
Page 293 and 294: a farmer to use water from the dist
Page 295 and 296: The farmers were asked to reflect u
Page 297: evamping needed to reorient the MCS
Page 301 and 302: the knowledge of i
Page 303 and 304: All of the five ex
Page 305 and 306: It is evident from the table that t
Page 307 and 308: implications on the dynamics <stron
Page 309 and 310: competitive monocropl2 as no other
Page 311 and 312: of conversion thro
Page 313 and 314: involving farmers as active members
Page 315 and 316: The viability of p
Page 317 and 318: factors l8 . As a result. the agric
Page 319 and 320: The rise in price of</stron
Page 321 and 322: may be observed that the canal seep
Page 323 and 324: process of paddy l
Page 325 and 326: Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
Page 327 and 328: The technical constraints In the de
Page 329 and 330: 2) Lack of irrigat
Page 331 and 332: manure or fertilisers are also do n
Page 333 and 334: according to the conventional basin
Page 335 and 336: Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
Page 337 and 338: The pattern of act
Page 339 and 340: eported by CADA of
Page 341 and 342: Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
Page 343 and 344: d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
Page 345 and 346: all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
Page 347 and 348: irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
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comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
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time lag involved in completion uf
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the state has increased by about 46
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cultivation of com
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through the effective implementatiC
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een the highest in Kallada project
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It was noticed that among the vario
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The institutional paradigm evolved
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of India to be rel
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economically viable. This underscor
Page 369 and 370:
The intensity and spread of
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of allocation and
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shows that filed realities have not
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as water management related factors
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labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380:
Given the dynamics, problems and co
Page 381 and 382:
ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384:
Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386:
Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388:
Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390:
Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392:
Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394:
Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398:
Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400:
Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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