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the plants: (i i) it avoids wastage <strong>of</strong> water in the conveyance and thereb~ minimise, the prohlem <strong>of</strong> waterlogging; and (iii) it enables efficiency in water use in the fields. More than one fourth <strong>of</strong> the sample farmers feel that all the benefits mentioned ahove can be realised by undertaking OFD works. Table. 7.2: Ad.-antages <strong>of</strong> On Farm Development: Farmers' responses in Peechi Proiect (% <strong>of</strong> farmers) OFD is useful as it Middl I , Head e Tail i Reach Reach I Reach Total I. Enables uniform a~~lication <strong>of</strong>"ater 16 13 I 10 14 2 A\oids \\astage and ponding <strong>of</strong>"ater in the 10 15 20 12 i , iarm 3. A\oids \\ater logging 16 7 15 13 I 4. Controls soil erosion 8 1 I 5 9 I 5. Enables sc ientific water management 6 9 IS 8 . 6. Enables efficiency in water use 18 13 10 17 7. All <strong>of</strong> the above 26 32 25 27, Total famlers (No.) 50 45 20 115 .\()/~ HR HeUli Reach. .I/R .\/idd/~ Reach: TR: Tail Rt'ach WhIle 18 per cent <strong>of</strong> the farmers in the head reaches consider that OFD enables to ensure efficiency 111 \\ater use. it is 15 per cent in the middle reaches and 20 per cent in the tail end. The tail enders seem to be more conscious about the efficiency in water use for obvious reasons <strong>of</strong> scarcity. The percentage <strong>of</strong> farmers finding OF!) beneficial 111 more than one way is the highest at 32 in the middle reaches, followed by 26 in the head and 25 in the tail reaches. 7.1.2 Kallada irrigation project As alread) mentIOned. thc pf(lportion <strong>of</strong> farmers reported to havc been benefited b, the MCS is the highest in the head reaches <strong>of</strong> Kallada project (43%). followed by 38 per cent In Ihe middle reaches and 32 per cent in the tail end (Chapter 6. table 6.26). While the MCS is meant for efficient conveyance <strong>of</strong> water with no or little wastage in an otherwise undulating terrain. an attempt has 273
een made to examme as to how many farmers understood its advantages. Improper or lack <strong>of</strong> understanding about the system may result in less attention paid by the farmers to safeguard and maintain the distribution networks. The details <strong>of</strong> farmers responses h;l\e been presented in table 7.3. Table 7.3: A d vantaees <strong>of</strong> MCS: Farmers' responses in Kallada (% <strong>of</strong> farmers) MCS helps in terms <strong>of</strong> Head Middle Tail Reach Reach Reach Total Avoiding \\ater loss through seepage in field channels 20 18 15 18 Saving land for cultivation 22 1 - -) 21 21 Avoiding construction <strong>of</strong> expensive field : channels/ boothies 24 28 27 25 I Water is provided to each plant and ensure optimum use 15 13 18 17 All <strong>of</strong> the above 19 16 19 19 Total farmers (No.) 78 65 57 200 ,vole.' HR. Head Reach. MR. ,\.fIddle Reach: TR: Tat! Reach. It is interesting to note that one-fifth <strong>of</strong> the sample farmers are aware <strong>of</strong> all the possible advantages. as lIsted in the table. while the remaining kno\\ them only partially. For instance. 18 per cent know that MCS is useful to reduce only conveyance losses <strong>of</strong> water. followed by 22 per cent for whom the advantage <strong>of</strong> MCS is land saving. which would have gone for construction <strong>of</strong> open canals. Interestingly. 25 per cent uf the farmers think that MCS is more economical than the open canal construction. Interesting, because, farmers are able to perceive the econumics <strong>of</strong> the system In their own way, which renects their concern to avoid wasteful expenditure <strong>of</strong> the public funds. An understanding <strong>of</strong> the land saving dimension <strong>of</strong> the MCS is equally important where a majority <strong>of</strong> the holdings arc small and marginal. lhe proportion <strong>of</strong> farmers reporting this benefit is more in the rniddk n:aches (25 %). compared to 22 per cent in the head reaches and 21 per cent in the tail end. Thus. the MCS, in a way. is land-saving 274
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
Page 3 and 4:
DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
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in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
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ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
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The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
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eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
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The overall scenario suggests that
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project, they tend to undertake yie
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the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
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5.15). The table indicates that the
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place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
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Let us now examIne the intensity <s
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Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Another source of
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process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
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ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
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ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
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Chapter 6 Economics of</str
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conditions of the
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Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
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Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
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Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
Page 239 and 240: possible in these lands during Khar
Page 241 and 242: Hence. it may be argued that since
Page 243 and 244: It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
Page 245 and 246: project. where it is very high at R
Page 247 and 248: proper coordination between variOUS
Page 249 and 250: deficiencies that help drawing less
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Page 253 and 254: 3) Again. due to the high density <
Page 255 and 256: Table 6.13: Details of</str
Page 257 and 258: doubts about the senousness <strong
Page 259 and 260: practice IS more conspIcuous In the
Page 261 and 262: 2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
Page 263 and 264: large holders have spent two to thr
Page 265 and 266: Farming is considered mostly as a s
Page 267 and 268: The profitability
Page 269 and 270: noticed in the case of</str
Page 271 and 272: The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
Page 273 and 274: · 13 Bank assistance programme and
Page 275 and 276: etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
Page 277 and 278: Table 6.22: Status of</stro
Page 279 and 280: Though almost all the farmers repor
Page 281 and 282: 3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
Page 283 and 284: The net income from vegetables and
Page 285 and 286: Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
Page 287 and 288: Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
Page 289: It can be seen from the survey data
Page 293 and 294: a farmer to use water from the dist
Page 295 and 296: The farmers were asked to reflect u
Page 297 and 298: evamping needed to reorient the MCS
Page 299 and 300: supplies. What is more interesting
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Page 303 and 304: All of the five ex
Page 305 and 306: It is evident from the table that t
Page 307 and 308: implications on the dynamics <stron
Page 309 and 310: competitive monocropl2 as no other
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Page 313 and 314: involving farmers as active members
Page 315 and 316: The viability of p
Page 317 and 318: factors l8 . As a result. the agric
Page 319 and 320: The rise in price of</stron
Page 321 and 322: may be observed that the canal seep
Page 323 and 324: process of paddy l
Page 325 and 326: Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
Page 327 and 328: The technical constraints In the de
Page 329 and 330: 2) Lack of irrigat
Page 331 and 332: manure or fertilisers are also do n
Page 333 and 334: according to the conventional basin
Page 335 and 336: Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
Page 337 and 338: The pattern of act
Page 339 and 340: eported by CADA of
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Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
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d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
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all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
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irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
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comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
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time lag involved in completion uf
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the state has increased by about 46
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cultivation of com
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through the effective implementatiC
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een the highest in Kallada project
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It was noticed that among the vario
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The institutional paradigm evolved
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of India to be rel
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economically viable. This underscor
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The intensity and spread of
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of allocation and
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shows that filed realities have not
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as water management related factors
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labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380:
Given the dynamics, problems and co
Page 381 and 382:
ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384:
Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386:
Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388:
Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390:
Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392:
Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394:
Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398:
Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400:
Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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