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Kalman, K.P. and K. Pushpangadan (1990a): 'Kera[a Economy at the Crossroads', Economic and Political Weekly, 25 (3): [951-56. Kannan, K. P. and K. Pushpangadan (1990b): 'Dissecting Agricultural Stagnation: An analysis across Seasons, Crops and Regions', Economic and Political Weekly, 25 (35 & 36): [991-2004. Krishnan, T.N. (1991): 'Wages Emp[oyment and Output in Interrelated Labour Markets in an Agrarian Economy: A Study <strong>of</strong> Kerala', Economic and Political Weekly, 26 (26). La[l, Somik (1999): 'The Ro[e <strong>of</strong> Public Infrastructure Investments in Regional Deve[opment: Experience <strong>of</strong> Indian States', Economic and Political Weekly, 34 ([2): 7[7-25. Ludden, David (1988): . Agrarian commercialism in eighteenth century South India: Evidence from the 1823 Tirune[veli Census', The Indian Economic and Social History Review, 25 (4): 493-520. Minhas, B. S, K. S. Parikh and T.N. Srinivasan (1974): 'Toward the Structure <strong>of</strong> a Production Function for Wheat Yields with Dated Inputs <strong>of</strong> Water', Water Resources Research, [0 (3): 383-93. Mishra, S.N. and Ramesh Chand ([995): 'Public and Private Capital Formation in Indian Agricu[ture: Comments on Complementarity Hypotheses and others', Economic and Political Weekly, 30 (25). Mishra, Y.N. and B.R. Peter Hazell ([ 996): 'Terms <strong>of</strong> Trade, Rura[ Poverty, Techno[ogy and Investment: The Indian Experience -1952-53 to 1990- 91', Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 31 (13). Mitra, Ashok K. (1986): 'Under-uti[isation Revisited: Surface Irrigation in Drought Prone Areas <strong>of</strong> Western Maharashtra', Economic and Political Weekly, Apri[ 26, Pp. 752-56. Mitra, Ashok, K. (1993): 'Farmers' Organisation in Surface Irrigation Projects: Three Empirical Case Studies from Maharashtra', Arlhavijnana, 35 (I): 22-60. Mitra, Ashok K. (1996): 'Irrigation Sector Reforms: Issues and approaches', Economic and Political Weeki\". Review <strong>of</strong> Agricu[ture, 31 (13): A-31- A37. Mitra, Ashok K ([ 998): 'Development and Management <strong>of</strong> irrigation in Maharashtra with special reference to Major and Medium surface Irrtgation systems', Economic and Political Weekly, Review <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, 33 (26): A80-A 95. Mohanakumar, S (2000): 'Minimum Wage Legis[ation and its Impact on Rural Wage Formation: A study <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Labourers in Kera[a', Indian Journal <strong>of</strong> Lahour Economics, 43 (2): 247-260. Montgomery, M R and Richard Bean (1999): 'Market Fai[ure, Governme~t Fai[ure and the private supply <strong>of</strong> public goods: The case <strong>of</strong> C[lmattc Controlled Walkway Networks', Puhlic Choice, 99 (3 & 4): 403-437. 372
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Page 1 and 2:
, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
Page 3 and 4:
DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
Page 5 and 6:
I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
Page 7 and 8:
CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
Page 13 and 14:
Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
Page 15 and 16:
Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
Page 17 and 18:
An attempt has been made in this ch
Page 19 and 20:
among the people and the process <s
Page 21 and 22:
the Indian state had followed a pol
Page 23 and 24:
water harvesting 7 by arguing that
Page 25 and 26:
(World Register of
Page 27 and 28:
Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
Page 33 and 34:
inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
Page 39 and 40:
7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
Page 45 and 46:
(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
Page 47 and 48:
interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
Page 51 and 52:
economic analysis of</stron
Page 53 and 54:
een brought out by many scholars in
Page 55 and 56:
While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
Page 59 and 60:
such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
Page 61 and 62:
the completion of
Page 63 and 64:
of rainfed croppin
Page 65 and 66:
areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
Page 67 and 68:
investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
Page 71 and 72:
highlighted the problems related to
Page 73 and 74:
2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
Page 79 and 80:
y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
Page 85 and 86:
Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
Page 93 and 94:
which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
Page 97 and 98:
and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
Page 103 and 104:
understand the problems related to
Page 105 and 106:
of the crop produc
Page 107 and 108:
greater differences between the the
Page 109 and 110:
Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
Page 111 and 112:
specific promotional programmes und
Page 113 and 114:
Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
Page 125 and 126:
4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
Page 127 and 128:
Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
Page 137 and 138:
and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
Page 139 and 140:
lands. The average holding size is
Page 141 and 142:
The characteristics of</str
Page 143 and 144:
size group is the highest in the mi
Page 145 and 146:
Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
Page 147 and 148:
Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
Page 151 and 152:
plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
Page 153 and 154:
gt:ographical concentration <strong
Page 155 and 156:
Concerted efforts were also made fo
Page 157 and 158:
T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
Page 161 and 162:
the state cannot be treated as a pu
Page 163 and 164:
in gross irrigated area. While cana
Page 165 and 166:
development of lan
Page 167 and 168:
The annual compound growth rates in
Page 169 and 170:
5.2.1 Dynamics of
Page 171 and 172:
area and yield of
Page 173 and 174:
A micro level study by Narayanan (1
Page 175 and 176:
ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
Page 177 and 178:
The debate on conversion of
Page 179 and 180:
(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
Page 181 and 182:
eqUires substantial investment for
Page 183 and 184:
Source: Govt. of K
Page 185 and 186:
the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
Page 187 and 188:
The overall scenario suggests that
Page 189 and 190:
project, they tend to undertake yie
Page 191 and 192:
the establishment expenditure (stri
Page 193 and 194:
a CriSIS. As the works involved In
Page 195 and 196:
(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
Page 197 and 198:
5.15). The table indicates that the
Page 199 and 200:
place. There were three revisions J
Page 201 and 202:
Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
Page 203 and 204:
Let us now examIne the intensity <s
Page 205 and 206:
Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Another source of
Page 209 and 210:
process would be very high. This al
Page 211 and 212:
construction for more than 20 years
Page 213 and 214:
are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
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ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
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ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
Page 219 and 220:
Chapter 6 Economics of</str
Page 221 and 222:
conditions of the
Page 223 and 224:
Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
Page 225 and 226:
and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
Page 227 and 228:
Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
Page 229 and 230:
the total allocation has been for t
Page 231 and 232:
per cent achievement in physical te
Page 233 and 234:
Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
Page 237 and 238:
~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
Page 239 and 240:
possible in these lands during Khar
Page 241 and 242:
Hence. it may be argued that since
Page 243 and 244:
It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
Page 245 and 246:
project. where it is very high at R
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proper coordination between variOUS
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deficiencies that help drawing less
Page 251 and 252:
conjunctive use of
Page 253 and 254:
3) Again. due to the high density <
Page 255 and 256:
Table 6.13: Details of</str
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doubts about the senousness <strong
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practice IS more conspIcuous In the
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2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
Page 263 and 264:
large holders have spent two to thr
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Farming is considered mostly as a s
Page 267 and 268:
The profitability
Page 269 and 270:
noticed in the case of</str
Page 271 and 272:
The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
Page 273 and 274:
· 13 Bank assistance programme and
Page 275 and 276:
etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
Page 277 and 278:
Table 6.22: Status of</stro
Page 279 and 280:
Though almost all the farmers repor
Page 281 and 282:
3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
Page 283 and 284:
The net income from vegetables and
Page 285 and 286:
Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
Page 287 and 288:
Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
Page 289 and 290:
It can be seen from the survey data
Page 291 and 292:
een made to examme as to how many f
Page 293 and 294:
a farmer to use water from the dist
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The farmers were asked to reflect u
Page 297 and 298:
evamping needed to reorient the MCS
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supplies. What is more interesting
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the knowledge of i
Page 303 and 304:
All of the five ex
Page 305 and 306:
It is evident from the table that t
Page 307 and 308:
implications on the dynamics <stron
Page 309 and 310:
competitive monocropl2 as no other
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of conversion thro
Page 313 and 314:
involving farmers as active members
Page 315 and 316:
The viability of p
Page 317 and 318:
factors l8 . As a result. the agric
Page 319 and 320:
The rise in price of</stron
Page 321 and 322:
may be observed that the canal seep
Page 323 and 324:
process of paddy l
Page 325 and 326:
Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
Page 327 and 328:
The technical constraints In the de
Page 329 and 330:
2) Lack of irrigat
Page 331 and 332:
manure or fertilisers are also do n
Page 333 and 334:
according to the conventional basin
Page 335 and 336:
Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
Page 337 and 338:
The pattern of act
Page 339 and 340: eported by CADA of
Page 341 and 342: Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
Page 343 and 344: d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
Page 345 and 346: all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
Page 347 and 348: irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
Page 349 and 350: comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
Page 351 and 352: time lag involved in completion uf
Page 353 and 354: the state has increased by about 46
Page 355 and 356: cultivation of com
Page 357 and 358: through the effective implementatiC
Page 359 and 360: een the highest in Kallada project
Page 361 and 362: It was noticed that among the vario
Page 363 and 364: The institutional paradigm evolved
Page 365 and 366: of India to be rel
Page 367 and 368: economically viable. This underscor
Page 369 and 370: The intensity and spread of
Page 371 and 372: of allocation and
Page 373 and 374: shows that filed realities have not
Page 375 and 376: as water management related factors
Page 377 and 378: labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380: Given the dynamics, problems and co
Page 381 and 382: ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384: Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386: Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388: Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389: Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 393 and 394: Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396: GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398: Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400: Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402: Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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