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VIZ., Kallada and Kanjirapuzha that have already completed 38 years without any substantial benefits worth mentioning. Table 54 .. Ph VSlca . I and financial performance <strong>of</strong> on-goine: projects, 1998-99 Physical performance Fiscal performance Name <strong>of</strong> the (Net area in ha.) (Rs. in lakhs) project Target Achi. (%) Orig. Rev. Cost Est. Est esc. (%) Kallada 61630 30414 49 1328 69800 5156 Chimonv 13000 13000 100 633 3615 471 Kanj irapuzha 9710 I 1"70 75 365 10000 2640 Pazhassi 8130 .. 6348 78 442 13700 2999 Muvatupuzha 17370 --- --- 2086 45500 2081 Vamanapuram 8800 --- --- 1982 I 26000 1212 ldamalayar 14060 --- --- 1785 10700 499 Kuriarkutty 11740 --- --- 1036 14000 1251 Chaliyar 73240 -- --- 1061 64500 5979 Kakkadavu 13990 --- --- 1335 9885 640 Anappady 4500 --- --- 476 12000 2421 Karapuzha 4650 --- --- 760 22500 2860 Meenachil 9960 i --- --- 3500 12800 266 Banasurasagar 2800 I --- --- 800 I 3614 352 Chamravattom 6700 . --- --- 870 . 1327 53 Grand total 260280 i 57032 22 18459 319941 1633 .. • AntICipated as per re\ Ised estimates; •• Expenditure up to March 1999. Source: GOK, Economic Review. various years. Cum. Cost! Ha (Rs. lakhs) 1.83" 0.44" 0.94" 1.17" 2.62' 2.95' 0.76' 1.19' 0.88' 0.71' 2.67' 4.83' 1.28' 1.29" o 19" 2.60" Time lag (years) 38 24 38 35 23 18 18 21 18 20 24 24 19 20 14 23.60 Thus. the abo\c analysis points to the phenomenon <strong>of</strong> gross under-utilisation <strong>of</strong> potential to the extent <strong>of</strong> 35 to 45 per cent in the case <strong>of</strong> most <strong>of</strong> the completed schemes. In the case <strong>of</strong> ongoing schemes_ the percentage utilisation <strong>of</strong> irrigation potential has been below 22 per cent only and there was no creation <strong>of</strong> irrigation potential in II out <strong>of</strong> 15 projects in spite <strong>of</strong> heavy investments in the last two decades. An analysis <strong>of</strong> the trends in the financial expenditure and physical achievement in the on-going irrigation projects for the period 1970-71 to 1999-2000 is presented here and it hdps in understanding the mismatch between financial 143
expenditure and p~ysical achievement and its implications in the case <strong>of</strong> ongoing irrigation projects. The irrigation projects are compared in terms <strong>of</strong> their share in the total investment each year and their contribution to the additional area brought under irrigation. The results are shown in appendix 5.1 and 5.2 respectively. It is interesting to note that till the year 1979-80, a major chunk <strong>of</strong> investment earmarked among four ongoIng irrigation projects. namely. Kuttiadi (ranging between 23 to 3~ %). fL'lkmed by Periyar Valley (18-27 %). Pamba (18-21 %) and Pazhassi project (11-18 "!oj. After 1980-81, Kallada irrigation project had been receiving major portion <strong>of</strong> the investment. followed by Periyar Valley and Muvattupuzha Valley projects (appendix 5.1). The financial allocation for Kallada has gone up from 19g0-R 1 to 42 pc:r cent in 1998-99. followed by a steep rise to 70 per cent in 1999-2000. rhis has resulted in thin spread <strong>of</strong> financial resources among the remaining projects. The physical achievement in the irrigated area expansion has highly centered on four projects. viz.. Periyar Valky. Pamba. Kallada and Kuttiadi (appendix 5.2). In the five projects. \iz.. Muvattupuzha valley, Idamalayar, Karapuzha. Meenachil River valley and Chamravattoill. there was no expansion <strong>of</strong> area in spite <strong>of</strong> considerable investment over tilllc. It is important to note that the expenditure on Muvattupulha valley and harapu/ha projects was on the increase over time from 5 per cent to 20 pcr (cnt and I.X:i pcr ":l1t to 12,45 per cent respectin:ly between I 987 -88 and 1 99X -99. 144
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
Page 107 and 108: greater differences between the the
Page 109 and 110: Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
Page 111 and 112: specific promotional programmes und
Page 113 and 114: Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
Page 115 and 116: 3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
Page 117 and 118: non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
Page 119 and 120: '- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
Page 121 and 122: strictly adhered to the directions
Page 123 and 124: 4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
Page 125 and 126: 4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
Page 127 and 128: Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
Page 129 and 130: in lands having slopes less than 3
Page 131 and 132: Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
Page 133 and 134: in terms of underg
Page 135 and 136: meters. The end of
Page 137 and 138: and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
Page 139 and 140: lands. The average holding size is
Page 141 and 142: The characteristics of</str
Page 143 and 144: size group is the highest in the mi
Page 145 and 146: Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
Page 147 and 148: Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
Page 149 and 150: Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
Page 151 and 152: plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
Page 153 and 154: gt:ographical concentration <strong
Page 155 and 156: Concerted efforts were also made fo
Page 157: T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
Page 161 and 162: the state cannot be treated as a pu
Page 163 and 164: in gross irrigated area. While cana
Page 165 and 166: development of lan
Page 167 and 168: The annual compound growth rates in
Page 169 and 170: 5.2.1 Dynamics of
Page 171 and 172: area and yield of
Page 173 and 174: A micro level study by Narayanan (1
Page 175 and 176: ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
Page 177 and 178: The debate on conversion of
Page 179 and 180: (Table 5.10). The table indicates t
Page 181 and 182: eqUires substantial investment for
Page 183 and 184: Source: Govt. of K
Page 185 and 186: the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
Page 187 and 188: The overall scenario suggests that
Page 189 and 190: project, they tend to undertake yie
Page 191 and 192: the establishment expenditure (stri
Page 193 and 194: a CriSIS. As the works involved In
Page 195 and 196: (ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
Page 197 and 198: 5.15). The table indicates that the
Page 199 and 200: place. There were three revisions J
Page 201 and 202: Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
Page 203 and 204: Let us now examIne the intensity <s
Page 205 and 206: Cost escalation due to arbitration
Page 207 and 208: Another source of
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process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
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ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
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ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
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Chapter 6 Economics of</str
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conditions of the
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Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
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Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
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Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
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possible in these lands during Khar
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Hence. it may be argued that since
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It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
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project. where it is very high at R
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proper coordination between variOUS
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deficiencies that help drawing less
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conjunctive use of
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3) Again. due to the high density <
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Table 6.13: Details of</str
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doubts about the senousness <strong
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practice IS more conspIcuous In the
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2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
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large holders have spent two to thr
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Farming is considered mostly as a s
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The profitability
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noticed in the case of</str
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The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
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· 13 Bank assistance programme and
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etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
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Table 6.22: Status of</stro
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Though almost all the farmers repor
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3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
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The net income from vegetables and
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Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
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Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
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It can be seen from the survey data
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een made to examme as to how many f
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a farmer to use water from the dist
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The farmers were asked to reflect u
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evamping needed to reorient the MCS
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supplies. What is more interesting
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the knowledge of i
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All of the five ex
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It is evident from the table that t
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implications on the dynamics <stron
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competitive monocropl2 as no other
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of conversion thro
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involving farmers as active members
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The viability of p
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factors l8 . As a result. the agric
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The rise in price of</stron
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may be observed that the canal seep
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process of paddy l
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Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
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The technical constraints In the de
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2) Lack of irrigat
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manure or fertilisers are also do n
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according to the conventional basin
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Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
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The pattern of act
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eported by CADA of
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Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
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d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
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all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
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irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
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comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
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time lag involved in completion uf
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the state has increased by about 46
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cultivation of com
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through the effective implementatiC
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een the highest in Kallada project
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It was noticed that among the vario
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The institutional paradigm evolved
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of India to be rel
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economically viable. This underscor
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The intensity and spread of
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of allocation and
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shows that filed realities have not
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as water management related factors
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labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380:
Given the dynamics, problems and co
Page 381 and 382:
ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384:
Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386:
Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388:
Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390:
Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392:
Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394:
Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398:
Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400:
Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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