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cent in 1993 and to about 46 per cent in 1996, though it declined to 43 per cent in 1997 (GOK, 1998). Development <strong>of</strong> irrigation systems was given immediate priority to ensure self-sufficiency in the production <strong>of</strong> paddy, which is the staple food crop <strong>of</strong> Kerala. Paddy, which is grown throughout the year l9 , requires ponded water for better crop growth and yield. The monsoon rainfall caters only to the needs <strong>of</strong> the first crop and the second crop limited manner. The third crop <strong>of</strong>ten fails due to the non-availability <strong>of</strong> water. In the remaining period, no water was available to grow crops. Because <strong>of</strong> limited land was available for cultivation, no extensive farming was possible. The only option, therefore, was intensive cultivation <strong>of</strong> food crops, which was not possible without irrigation. This being so, it is expected that with assured irrigation facilities, yield levels <strong>of</strong> the second and third crops could be substantially improved and stabilised. Also, as almost 90 per cent <strong>of</strong> the cultivable area has been brought under the plough, the scope for extensive method <strong>of</strong> cultivation is very limited and the only option worth exploring is intensification through irrigation and use <strong>of</strong> other yield augmenting supplementary inputs. There were earnest efforts to build up a strong infrastructure base with respect to irrigation systems in the state under the state initiatives. As a result, at present, the irrigation sector in the state comprises 29 major/ medium irrigation 1'1 Paddy is grown three times a year and the three crops are known as Virippll. Mlil/Jukul/ al/d /'/II/chu respectively. These three crops are otherwise known as autumn crop (May to August), winter crop (September- December) and summer crop (January - April). 29
(14 completed and 15 ongoing) projects and numerous minor irrigation works, including groundwater and lift irrigation schemes. The pattern <strong>of</strong> investment has been mostly favouring the large-scale canal-based irrigation systems as evident from the resource allocation <strong>of</strong> more than 60 per cent <strong>of</strong> the plan outlays except during the Third and Fourth Plan periods. The cumulative investment on irrigation till the end <strong>of</strong> 1998-99 was Rs. 2510 crores, out <strong>of</strong> which Rs. 1736 crores (about 70 %) have been on major and medium irrigation and the corresponding area brought under irrigation including minor irrigation has been 4.45 lakh ha. (net) and 7.25 lakh ha. (gross). The Eighth Plan outlay on irrigation development has been Rs. 692 crores, <strong>of</strong> which the major/ medium irrigation sector accounts for 63 per cent, compared with 19 per cent for minor irrigation (table 1.4). Table 1.4: Sector-wise innstmcnt in irrigation during Eighth Five Year plan in Kerala (Rs. Crores) \ Plan! year Major! Minor Flood CAD medium irrigation control prog. Total Plan outlav 437 (631) 130 (IS8) 65(9.4) 60 (87) 692.00 1992-93 SO.SO 15.03 9.32 8.93 I 14.0S 1993-94 103.39 21.17 27.56 10.00 162.12 1994-95 11375 32.11 26.19 I I. 54 183.59 1995-96 146.56 38.68 26.55 Il.3S 223.17 1996-97 130.00 45.35 35.50 12.00 222.S5 Total expo (1992-97) 574.5 152.34 125.12 53.S5 905.S1 Exp. as % <strong>of</strong> Plan 131.46 117.IS 192.49 89.75 130.90 outlay Note: FIgures In parenthesIs are respectIve shares In total EIghth Plan outlay. Suurce. GOK ( 1999). The expenditure on irrigation has been more than the outlay in all the cases, including flood control and Command Area Development programme. The cumulative expenditure during the Plan period (1992-97) has becn Rs. 574.5 crorcs in the case <strong>of</strong> major/ medium irrigation projects, compared with Rs. 30
Page 1 and 2: , ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
Page 3 and 4: DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
Page 5 and 6: I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
Page 9 and 10: 4.9 Occupational Status of<
Page 11 and 12: 5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
Page 13 and 14: Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
Page 15 and 16: Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
Page 17 and 18: An attempt has been made in this ch
Page 19 and 20: among the people and the process <s
Page 21 and 22: the Indian state had followed a pol
Page 23 and 24: water harvesting 7 by arguing that
Page 25 and 26: (World Register of
Page 27 and 28: Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
Page 29 and 30: One of the most im
Page 31 and 32: integrated development of</
Page 33 and 34: inadequate attention given to OFD w
Page 35 and 36: performance of irr
Page 37 and 38: created. According to the Central W
Page 39 and 40: 7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
Page 41 and 42: competent and responsible agency wi
Page 43: physiographic conditions of
Page 47 and 48: interventions to improve the operat
Page 49 and 50: a summary of findi
Page 51 and 52: economic analysis of</stron
Page 53 and 54: een brought out by many scholars in
Page 55 and 56: While the economic benefits <strong
Page 57 and 58: sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
Page 59 and 60: such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
Page 61 and 62: the completion of
Page 63 and 64: of rainfed croppin
Page 65 and 66: areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
Page 67 and 68: investment In irrigation developmen
Page 69 and 70: Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
Page 71 and 72: highlighted the problems related to
Page 73 and 74: 2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
Page 75 and 76: command area has reduced the labour
Page 77 and 78: Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
Page 79 and 80: y the CADA have led to low producti
Page 81 and 82: agents as against 90 per cent or mo
Page 83 and 84: among their members; c) insisting t
Page 85 and 86: Ansari (1989) shows that there have
Page 87 and 88: unit of land culti
Page 89 and 90: subgroup increased from 40 per cent
Page 91 and 92: 1) The maIn activity being undertak
Page 93 and 94: which are unique in several ways, t
Page 95 and 96:
across the states in different agro
Page 97 and 98:
and social setting In which a proje
Page 99 and 100:
The indepth study to examine the fa
Page 101 and 102:
\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
Page 103 and 104:
understand the problems related to
Page 105 and 106:
of the crop produc
Page 107 and 108:
greater differences between the the
Page 109 and 110:
Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
Page 111 and 112:
specific promotional programmes und
Page 113 and 114:
Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
Page 163 and 164:
in gross irrigated area. While cana
Page 165 and 166:
development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
Page 173 and 174:
A micro level study by Narayanan (1
Page 175 and 176:
ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
Page 177 and 178:
The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
Page 181 and 182:
eqUires substantial investment for
Page 183 and 184:
Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
Page 187 and 188:
The overall scenario suggests that
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project, they tend to undertake yie
Page 191 and 192:
the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
Page 197 and 198:
5.15). The table indicates that the
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place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
Page 203 and 204:
Let us now examIne the intensity <s
Page 205 and 206:
Cost escalation due to arbitration
Page 207 and 208:
Another source of
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process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
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ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
Page 217 and 218:
ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
Page 219 and 220:
Chapter 6 Economics of</str
Page 221 and 222:
conditions of the
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Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
Page 227 and 228:
Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
Page 233 and 234:
Besides. it has been reported that
Page 235 and 236:
I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
Page 239 and 240:
possible in these lands during Khar
Page 241 and 242:
Hence. it may be argued that since
Page 243 and 244:
It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
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project. where it is very high at R
Page 247 and 248:
proper coordination between variOUS
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deficiencies that help drawing less
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conjunctive use of
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3) Again. due to the high density <
Page 255 and 256:
Table 6.13: Details of</str
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doubts about the senousness <strong
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practice IS more conspIcuous In the
Page 261 and 262:
2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
Page 263 and 264:
large holders have spent two to thr
Page 265 and 266:
Farming is considered mostly as a s
Page 267 and 268:
The profitability
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noticed in the case of</str
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The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
Page 273 and 274:
· 13 Bank assistance programme and
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etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
Page 277 and 278:
Table 6.22: Status of</stro
Page 279 and 280:
Though almost all the farmers repor
Page 281 and 282:
3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
Page 283 and 284:
The net income from vegetables and
Page 285 and 286:
Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
Page 287 and 288:
Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
Page 289 and 290:
It can be seen from the survey data
Page 291 and 292:
een made to examme as to how many f
Page 293 and 294:
a farmer to use water from the dist
Page 295 and 296:
The farmers were asked to reflect u
Page 297 and 298:
evamping needed to reorient the MCS
Page 299 and 300:
supplies. What is more interesting
Page 301 and 302:
the knowledge of i
Page 303 and 304:
All of the five ex
Page 305 and 306:
It is evident from the table that t
Page 307 and 308:
implications on the dynamics <stron
Page 309 and 310:
competitive monocropl2 as no other
Page 311 and 312:
of conversion thro
Page 313 and 314:
involving farmers as active members
Page 315 and 316:
The viability of p
Page 317 and 318:
factors l8 . As a result. the agric
Page 319 and 320:
The rise in price of</stron
Page 321 and 322:
may be observed that the canal seep
Page 323 and 324:
process of paddy l
Page 325 and 326:
Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
Page 327 and 328:
The technical constraints In the de
Page 329 and 330:
2) Lack of irrigat
Page 331 and 332:
manure or fertilisers are also do n
Page 333 and 334:
according to the conventional basin
Page 335 and 336:
Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
Page 337 and 338:
The pattern of act
Page 339 and 340:
eported by CADA of
Page 341 and 342:
Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
Page 343 and 344:
d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
Page 345 and 346:
all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
Page 347 and 348:
irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
Page 349 and 350:
comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
Page 351 and 352:
time lag involved in completion uf
Page 353 and 354:
the state has increased by about 46
Page 355 and 356:
cultivation of com
Page 357 and 358:
through the effective implementatiC
Page 359 and 360:
een the highest in Kallada project
Page 361 and 362:
It was noticed that among the vario
Page 363 and 364:
The institutional paradigm evolved
Page 365 and 366:
of India to be rel
Page 367 and 368:
economically viable. This underscor
Page 369 and 370:
The intensity and spread of
Page 371 and 372:
of allocation and
Page 373 and 374:
shows that filed realities have not
Page 375 and 376:
as water management related factors
Page 377 and 378:
labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380:
Given the dynamics, problems and co
Page 381 and 382:
ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384:
Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386:
Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388:
Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390:
Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392:
Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394:
Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398:
Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400:
Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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