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shown at the bottom layer <strong>of</strong> the table, which points to the inadequate supply <strong>of</strong> water during summer. Table 5.13: Trends in area and productivity <strong>of</strong> important crops in the CAD projects Annua led ompoun G rowt h R ates 1985-86 to 1994-95 Malampuzha Peechi Vazhani Chalakudy Neyyar Crops Area Prdty Area Prdty. Area Prdty. Area Prdty Area Prdty Paddy 1.14 -0.78 -0.44 1.57 -0043 1.74 -0.05 7.71 -0.31 lAO (Autumn) Paddy 0.57 3.19 -0.44 5.16 -0.78 2.49 -0.36 9.40 -0.35 4.22 (IVlnter) Paddy -9.68 -1.65 0.00 7.93 -1.46 1.89 -4.69 4.80 -11.49 1.15 , (Sum Iller) , Coconut 5.69 -0.81 4.17 -2.23 4.16 5.03 4.16 5.68 2.01 2.49 Arecanut 7.04 -2.20 1.05 -1.95 1.16 11.56 0.82 2.97 -7.95 4.28 Tapioca -1.43 5.52 -5.45 9.64 -5.34 5.67 -5.52 5.02 -6.18 6.39 Bana·na 6.61 -2.98 -0.18 0.68 0.32 -2.07 -0.27 6.27 -2.20 3.68 Crops Walayar Gavathri Pothundy Mangalam Cheerakuzhi Area Prdty Area Prdty. Area Prdty. Area Prdty Area Prdty Paddy -1.61 2.09 -1.21 -0.53 -1.19 4.71 -0.83 3.23 -0.95 0.92 (AII/lIl11n) I Paddy -2.07 8.78 -1.24 I 1.55 -0.43 5.37 -0.87 6.41 -0.61 6.34 (Wllltl'r.' ! Paddy Not cultivated (Sulllmer) Coconut 5.67 1.22 5.67 3.87 5.70 -0.23 5.71 3.93 4.24 12.10 Arecanut 8.01 4.26 6.97 8.75 7.02 12.08 6.23 1.16 1.55 4.13 Tapioca -1.47 5.53 -1.41 1.61 -1.42 3.57 -1.52 4.56 -5.93 3.57 Banana 7.50 1.74 7.54 0.68 6.58 4.24 6.42 -0.49 -0.76 1.74 Source: EstImated from CADA (1996) The productivity <strong>of</strong> crops such as coconut, arecanut and banana have shown declining trend in some <strong>of</strong> the schemes, which implies that these crops are highly sensitive to moisture stress. This reflects upon the increasing water scarcity experienced in the irrigation schemes during summer. The mean yield <strong>of</strong> paddy during summer in five completed projects IS compared with the yield during the other two seasons and the overall yield levels for 169
the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For the sake <strong>of</strong> analysis, the period is divided into two sub periods, viz., i) 1985-86 to 1991-92 and ii) 1991-92 to 1997-98 (table 5.14 ). The table <strong>of</strong>fers very valid insights about the performance <strong>of</strong> paddy in the irrigation projects in the state. The yield levels during different seasons are almost comparable and in many cases, rain fed yield appear to be over and above that <strong>of</strong> the reported 'irrigated yields' during winter and summer. During the first period, the summer yield has been lower than the autumn and winter yields in three projects, viz., Malampuzha, Peechi and Neyyar and the highest yield difference observed was in Neyyar project (479 kg.). The summer yield was below the winter yield in four projects and highest difference was to the order <strong>of</strong> 325 kg. in the case <strong>of</strong> Peechi. During the second period, the autumn and winter yields were higher by 433 kg and 910 kg and 818 kg and 538 kg respectively in the Malampuzha and Neyyar projects. Overall period analysis also shows similar trend in respect <strong>of</strong> these two projects. The coefficient <strong>of</strong> variation in yields has been higher in most cases due to the wide variations in yield between seasons. The non-availability <strong>of</strong> canal water during summer months has been highlighted as an important reason for the decline in yield levels, especially, summer. However, it is important to note that the yield levels in the irrigation projects were above 2 tonnes per ha. and certainly above the yield levels observed at the state level. Though this could be partially explained as the 170
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
Page 133 and 134: in terms of underg
Page 135 and 136: meters. The end of
Page 137 and 138: and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
Page 139 and 140: lands. The average holding size is
Page 141 and 142: The characteristics of</str
Page 143 and 144: size group is the highest in the mi
Page 145 and 146: Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
Page 147 and 148: Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
Page 149 and 150: Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
Page 151 and 152: plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
Page 153 and 154: gt:ographical concentration <strong
Page 155 and 156: Concerted efforts were also made fo
Page 157 and 158: T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
Page 159 and 160: expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
Page 161 and 162: the state cannot be treated as a pu
Page 163 and 164: in gross irrigated area. While cana
Page 165 and 166: development of lan
Page 167 and 168: The annual compound growth rates in
Page 169 and 170: 5.2.1 Dynamics of
Page 171 and 172: area and yield of
Page 173 and 174: A micro level study by Narayanan (1
Page 175 and 176: ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
Page 177 and 178: The debate on conversion of
Page 179 and 180: (Table 5.10). The table indicates t
Page 181 and 182: eqUires substantial investment for
Page 183: Source: Govt. of K
Page 187 and 188: The overall scenario suggests that
Page 189 and 190: project, they tend to undertake yie
Page 191 and 192: the establishment expenditure (stri
Page 193 and 194: a CriSIS. As the works involved In
Page 195 and 196: (ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
Page 197 and 198: 5.15). The table indicates that the
Page 199 and 200: place. There were three revisions J
Page 201 and 202: Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
Page 203 and 204: Let us now examIne the intensity <s
Page 205 and 206: Cost escalation due to arbitration
Page 207 and 208: Another source of
Page 209 and 210: process would be very high. This al
Page 211 and 212: construction for more than 20 years
Page 213 and 214: are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
Page 215 and 216: ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
Page 217 and 218: ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
Page 219 and 220: Chapter 6 Economics of</str
Page 221 and 222: conditions of the
Page 223 and 224: Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
Page 225 and 226: and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
Page 227 and 228: Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
Page 229 and 230: the total allocation has been for t
Page 231 and 232: per cent achievement in physical te
Page 233 and 234: Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
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possible in these lands during Khar
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Hence. it may be argued that since
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It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
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project. where it is very high at R
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proper coordination between variOUS
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deficiencies that help drawing less
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conjunctive use of
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3) Again. due to the high density <
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Table 6.13: Details of</str
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doubts about the senousness <strong
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practice IS more conspIcuous In the
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2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
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large holders have spent two to thr
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Farming is considered mostly as a s
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The profitability
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noticed in the case of</str
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The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
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· 13 Bank assistance programme and
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etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
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Table 6.22: Status of</stro
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Though almost all the farmers repor
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3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
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The net income from vegetables and
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Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
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Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
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It can be seen from the survey data
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een made to examme as to how many f
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a farmer to use water from the dist
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The farmers were asked to reflect u
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evamping needed to reorient the MCS
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supplies. What is more interesting
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the knowledge of i
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All of the five ex
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It is evident from the table that t
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implications on the dynamics <stron
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competitive monocropl2 as no other
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of conversion thro
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involving farmers as active members
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The viability of p
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factors l8 . As a result. the agric
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The rise in price of</stron
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may be observed that the canal seep
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process of paddy l
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Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
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The technical constraints In the de
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2) Lack of irrigat
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manure or fertilisers are also do n
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according to the conventional basin
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Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
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The pattern of act
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eported by CADA of
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Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
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d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
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all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
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irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
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comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
Page 351 and 352:
time lag involved in completion uf
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the state has increased by about 46
Page 355 and 356:
cultivation of com
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through the effective implementatiC
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een the highest in Kallada project
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It was noticed that among the vario
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The institutional paradigm evolved
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of India to be rel
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economically viable. This underscor
Page 369 and 370:
The intensity and spread of
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of allocation and
Page 373 and 374:
shows that filed realities have not
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as water management related factors
Page 377 and 378:
labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380:
Given the dynamics, problems and co
Page 381 and 382:
ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384:
Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386:
Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388:
Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390:
Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392:
Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394:
Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398:
Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400:
Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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