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, . The conversion <strong>of</strong> paddy field, for agricultural and nun-agricultural uses has been widely debated in the statc. An important finding is that paddy is rcplaced by coconut in some <strong>of</strong> the dIstricts in the state. The conversion <strong>of</strong> paddy lands into coconut gardens is a gradual process. wherein two indigenous means are involved. The conversion and usc <strong>of</strong> paddy fields tor purposes other than crop cultivation has greater implications in so far as the use <strong>of</strong> irri!!ation water is concerned. One <strong>of</strong> the important reasons tor paddy land conversion is the decline in per-capita availability <strong>of</strong> arable land even in irrigation projects. The ayacut converted (mainly paddy area) tor non-agricultural uses constitute about 15 per cent in the completed irrigation projects. The proportion <strong>of</strong> ayacut area converted for non-agricultural uses across the command areas ranged between II per cent In the Neyyar project to 24.73 per cent in the Karapuzha scheme. A sample SUf\ey condu~ted in eight completed irrigation projects in the state has revealed that 19 per cent <strong>of</strong> the farmers have converted their paddy fields permanently. The proportion <strong>of</strong> area converted was the highest in the Peechi irrigation project as 56 per cent <strong>of</strong> the farmers reported to have converted their paddy fields and the area converted was 44 per cent. In the Chalakudy scheme. 43 per cent <strong>of</strong> the farmers have converted and the paddy area converted was 39 per cent. In the light <strong>of</strong> this emerging scenario, it has to be tested, may be on an experimental basis; whether rehabilitation <strong>of</strong> the physical infrastructure for water d~stribution followed by assured supply <strong>of</strong> water will influence the farmers dCClsion on crop divcrsification. therd" arresting the conversion <strong>of</strong> paddy areas. It appears that even such experiments have very little impact on the process, in view <strong>of</strong> the comparative pr<strong>of</strong>itability as well as the less labour intensity in the 336
cultivation <strong>of</strong> commercial crops. This is evidenced by the considerable decline <strong>of</strong> almost 20 per cent in the area under second crop (Mundakan) <strong>of</strong> paddy in seven taluks commanded by major irrigation projects during 1974-75 to 1986-87. Among the taluks, the highest decline reported was in Neyyattinkara taluk commanded by the Neyyar irrigation project (46%), followed by Peechi in Thrissur (36 %), and Malampuzha project in Chittur (23 %). The major reasons attributed for the conversion <strong>of</strong> paddy fields are: a) lack <strong>of</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>itability, b) nonavailability <strong>of</strong> labour and high wage rates; c) non-availability and scarcity <strong>of</strong> water: d) water logging in the paddy fields; e) lack <strong>of</strong> interest among the younger generations; and f) the declining operational size <strong>of</strong> paddy fields. The land utilisation pattern as reported by the CADA in the ayacuts <strong>of</strong> the completed irrigation projects need further examination to arrive at realistic estimates <strong>of</strong> the current status. The CAD statistics has to be interpreted with caution. It is reported that 70 per cent <strong>of</strong> the ayacut <strong>of</strong> the completed irrigation projects are under paddy, followed by coconut (47 %). But the ground realities are different. For example, the paddy area reported as irrigated included the gross area cultivated during the first. second and third crop seasons thus glvmg an impression that the decline is paddy area is not much. While irrigation is required mostly for the second and third crops <strong>of</strong> paddy, the first crop is also erroneously taken as canal irrigated. Thus, the gross area anticipated to be irrigated by the irrigation projects is taken as actual irrigated area. Further. it is reported that the area under coconut and banana has increased in the completed, which may not be true in view <strong>of</strong> the constraints in technical design <strong>of</strong> the projects, which do not allow irrigation <strong>of</strong> other crops. To 337
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
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in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
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ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
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The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
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eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
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The overall scenario suggests that
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project, they tend to undertake yie
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the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
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5.15). The table indicates that the
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place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
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Let us now examIne the intensity <s
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Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Another source of
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process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
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ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
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ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
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Chapter 6 Economics of</str
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conditions of the
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Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
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Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
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Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
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possible in these lands during Khar
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Hence. it may be argued that since
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It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
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project. where it is very high at R
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proper coordination between variOUS
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deficiencies that help drawing less
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conjunctive use of
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3) Again. due to the high density <
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Table 6.13: Details of</str
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doubts about the senousness <strong
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practice IS more conspIcuous In the
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2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
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large holders have spent two to thr
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Farming is considered mostly as a s
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The profitability
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noticed in the case of</str
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The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
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· 13 Bank assistance programme and
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etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
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Table 6.22: Status of</stro
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Though almost all the farmers repor
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3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
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The net income from vegetables and
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Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
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Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
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It can be seen from the survey data
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een made to examme as to how many f
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a farmer to use water from the dist
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The farmers were asked to reflect u
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evamping needed to reorient the MCS
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supplies. What is more interesting
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the knowledge of i
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Page 305 and 306: It is evident from the table that t
Page 307 and 308: implications on the dynamics <stron
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Page 313 and 314: involving farmers as active members
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Page 317 and 318: factors l8 . As a result. the agric
Page 319 and 320: The rise in price of</stron
Page 321 and 322: may be observed that the canal seep
Page 323 and 324: process of paddy l
Page 325 and 326: Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
Page 327 and 328: The technical constraints In the de
Page 329 and 330: 2) Lack of irrigat
Page 331 and 332: manure or fertilisers are also do n
Page 333 and 334: according to the conventional basin
Page 335 and 336: Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
Page 337 and 338: The pattern of act
Page 339 and 340: eported by CADA of
Page 341 and 342: Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
Page 343 and 344: d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
Page 345 and 346: all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
Page 347 and 348: irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
Page 349 and 350: comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
Page 351 and 352: time lag involved in completion uf
Page 353: the state has increased by about 46
Page 357 and 358: through the effective implementatiC
Page 359 and 360: een the highest in Kallada project
Page 361 and 362: It was noticed that among the vario
Page 363 and 364: The institutional paradigm evolved
Page 365 and 366: of India to be rel
Page 367 and 368: economically viable. This underscor
Page 369 and 370: The intensity and spread of
Page 371 and 372: of allocation and
Page 373 and 374: shows that filed realities have not
Page 375 and 376: as water management related factors
Page 377 and 378: labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380: Given the dynamics, problems and co
Page 381 and 382: ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384: Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386: Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388: Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390: Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392: Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394: Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396: GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398: Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400: Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402: Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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