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have no easy accessibility to water. it is obvious that they have not taken up OFD. Another important factor contributing to the non-adoption <strong>of</strong> OFD in the Kallada is the crop shift from paddy to rubber. Since rubber is a rainfed crop, farmers do not feel the need for OFD. However, as observed earlier. the productivity <strong>of</strong> rubber is relatively high in developed plots than in undeveloped plots. though it is a rainfed crop. Regarding the current status <strong>of</strong> functioning <strong>of</strong> MCS. 30 per cent <strong>of</strong> the farmers from the head and 26 per cent from the middle reaches felt that MCS has become defunct due to broken water distribution net works. Improper design <strong>of</strong> the system. not conforming to the ground realities is another problem. For example. the hydrants are fixed at lower layers <strong>of</strong> the plot and crops are grown in upper layers. This is a major problem in the head reaches as reported by 29 per cent <strong>of</strong> the farmers. followed by 26 per cent in the tail reach and 22 per cent in the middle. Lack <strong>of</strong> adequate pressure in the flow <strong>of</strong> water is also reported as a major problem across the three reaches. Timely repair or replacement <strong>of</strong> the broken parts <strong>of</strong> the distribution systems is hardly attended to. This is partly due to farmers indifference to bring it to the notice <strong>of</strong> the department. since they are not using the system. Thus. various problems rangmg from technical to management have contributed to the less efficient functioning <strong>of</strong> the MCS. though a limited potential <strong>of</strong> the system is actually utilised. The technical sophistication. with which MCS has been installed and practical difficulties to use it effectively 354
shows that filed realities have not been understood properly. Not fixing the hydrants at appropriate levels and places clearly demonstrates the ignorance <strong>of</strong> the engineers about the ground realities. Interestingly, local farmers were not taken into confidence while laying the system. This brings out the uutright neglect <strong>of</strong> farmers' participation in the design <strong>of</strong> water distribution network. Though hoses are provided to farmers for taking water from the hydrant to the upper layers. lack <strong>of</strong> pressure make water flow difficult and inadequate. I nterpersonal relations and local dynamics also play an important role in operationalising the system more efficiently. The role <strong>of</strong> the region-specific factors in influencing the adoption <strong>of</strong> OFO in both the irrigation commands has been examined using the multiple regression analysis. The important explanatory variables used in the analysis included extent <strong>of</strong> ground water recharged by the seepage in the Peechi canal, capacity <strong>of</strong> the pump set, proportion <strong>of</strong> dry area that could be brought under irrigation, occupational status <strong>of</strong> the farmer and the availability <strong>of</strong> family labour. The analysis indicated that farm level adoption <strong>of</strong> OFO in the Peechi command has been well explained by all the variables selected. except family labour, which showed a negative coefficient. Thus. the farm level expenditure on OFO in the Peechi project is determined by the extent <strong>of</strong> groundwater replenishment caused by the seepage in canals, capacity <strong>of</strong> the pump set available for irrigating the plot and the proportion <strong>of</strong> dry area that could be brought under irrigation. The occupational status <strong>of</strong> the farmers has also been found to be important. which implies that if farming is the main source <strong>of</strong> income <strong>of</strong> the farmer, he invariably undertakes OFD in whatsoever limited scale possible. The functional form with 355
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
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in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
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ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
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The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
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eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
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The overall scenario suggests that
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project, they tend to undertake yie
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the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
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5.15). The table indicates that the
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place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
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Let us now examIne the intensity <s
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Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Another source of
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process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
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ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
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ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
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Chapter 6 Economics of</str
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conditions of the
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Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
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Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
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Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
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possible in these lands during Khar
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Hence. it may be argued that since
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It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
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project. where it is very high at R
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proper coordination between variOUS
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deficiencies that help drawing less
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conjunctive use of
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3) Again. due to the high density <
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Table 6.13: Details of</str
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doubts about the senousness <strong
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practice IS more conspIcuous In the
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2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
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large holders have spent two to thr
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Farming is considered mostly as a s
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The profitability
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noticed in the case of</str
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The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
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· 13 Bank assistance programme and
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etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
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Table 6.22: Status of</stro
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Though almost all the farmers repor
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3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
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The net income from vegetables and
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Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
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Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
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It can be seen from the survey data
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een made to examme as to how many f
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a farmer to use water from the dist
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The farmers were asked to reflect u
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evamping needed to reorient the MCS
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supplies. What is more interesting
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the knowledge of i
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All of the five ex
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It is evident from the table that t
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implications on the dynamics <stron
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competitive monocropl2 as no other
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of conversion thro
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involving farmers as active members
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The viability of p
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factors l8 . As a result. the agric
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The rise in price of</stron
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Page 325 and 326: Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
Page 327 and 328: The technical constraints In the de
Page 329 and 330: 2) Lack of irrigat
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Page 333 and 334: according to the conventional basin
Page 335 and 336: Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
Page 337 and 338: The pattern of act
Page 339 and 340: eported by CADA of
Page 341 and 342: Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
Page 343 and 344: d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
Page 345 and 346: all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
Page 347 and 348: irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
Page 349 and 350: comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
Page 351 and 352: time lag involved in completion uf
Page 353 and 354: the state has increased by about 46
Page 355 and 356: cultivation of com
Page 357 and 358: through the effective implementatiC
Page 359 and 360: een the highest in Kallada project
Page 361 and 362: It was noticed that among the vario
Page 363 and 364: The institutional paradigm evolved
Page 365 and 366: of India to be rel
Page 367 and 368: economically viable. This underscor
Page 369 and 370: The intensity and spread of
Page 371: of allocation and
Page 375 and 376: as water management related factors
Page 377 and 378: labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380: Given the dynamics, problems and co
Page 381 and 382: ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384: Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386: Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388: Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390: Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392: Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394: Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396: GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398: Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400: Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402: Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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