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it also obstructed the process <strong>of</strong> irrigation development in the state causing largescale capacity under-utilisation in the case <strong>of</strong> completed irrigation projects and non- . . completion coupled with time and cost overruns in the case <strong>of</strong> ongoing schemes. 5.2.2 Impact <strong>of</strong> irrigation: a disaggregate analysis In what follows, we examine the impact <strong>of</strong> irrigation on the performance <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong> the important crops targeted to be grown in irrigation projects. As mentioned already. paddy is the major crop targeted in all the irrigation projects, except the Kallada scheme. Coconut, banana, arecanut and horticultural crops are the other crops considered to yield better under irrigated conditions 2o . Most <strong>of</strong> the other commercial crops are rain fed. Though life saving irrigation during summer months is recommended to some <strong>of</strong> the plantation crops, it is not generally practised primarily due to: a) the wider belief that thC'se crops could thrive under rainfed conditions: b) non-availability <strong>of</strong> water sources in most <strong>of</strong> the plantation tracts: c) development <strong>of</strong> irrigation requiring massIve investment in terms <strong>of</strong> land development. installation <strong>of</strong> irrigation systems; and d) labour being scarce and highly expensive. As expected, the reported land utilisation pattern in the ayacuts <strong>of</strong> the completed irrigation projects in the state is dominated by paddy, followed mostly by coconut J? A~ eC()Il()mic lllaximiLcrs, Kerala's farmers have responded to shifting price signals by reallocating their resources from paddy to more lucrative crops (Heller, 1999: 124). 163
(Table 5.10). The table indicates that paddy area accounts for about 60 to 70 per cent <strong>of</strong> the ayacuts <strong>of</strong> completed irrigation projects in the state. Only in four projects it is below 60 per cent. the lowest being 27.60 per cent and 21.40 per cent in respect <strong>of</strong> the Chalakudy and Neyyar irrigation projects. Coconut forms the second important crop occupying an area as large as 47 per cent in the Neyyar irrigation project to as small as 6 per cent in Mangalam project. It is important to note that significant share <strong>of</strong> paddy area is being converted into coconut. tapioca and banana in the Neyyar. Chalakudy, Cheerkuzhi and Vazhani projects. T a bl e 510 : L an d use pattern ID complete d' Irngalton . proJects Name <strong>of</strong> the Percentaoe area under crops project Paddy Coconut Arecanut Tapioca Banana Others· CCA (ha.) Malampuzha 64.7 8.0 0.6 1.9 1.1 23.7 21732 Walavar 61.4 9.1 0.3 0.5 0.6 28.1 3844 Pothundv 69.0 9.9 1.5 2.9 2.7 14.0 5466 Gavathri 67.2 7.0 0.2 0.4 0.4 24.8 5466 Mangalam 72.6 5.7 0.9 1.7 1.5 17.6 3639 Peechi 62.1 15.9 I , 1.2 0.6 1.1 19.1 18623 Vazhani 59.6 18A ! 1.4 0.7 1.3 18.6 5182 , , Chcerakuzhi 50A 26.0 1.9 0.9 0.9 19.9 1619 Chalakudy 27.6 39.6 2.9 1.5 2.9 25.5 19696 Nevvar 21.4 46.9 0.6 13.2 3.1 14.8 11891 • Also Includes paddy land converted for non-agricultural uses. Source' Computed from CADA (1996). The reported land utilisation pattem 2 ] in the irrigation commands, however, needs scrutiny to understand the ground realities. For example, the paddy area reports as irrigated includes the gross area cultivated during the first, second and third crop 20 As per the Department <strong>of</strong> Economics and Statistics (GOK) reports, the important irrigated crops in the state are paddy, banana, tubers, vegetables, coconut, arecanut, nutmeg/ clove, other spices and condiments, betel vine and sugarcane. 21 This land utilisation statistics need not be realistic and should be subjected to scrutiny in vi~w <strong>of</strong> the conversion <strong>of</strong> paddy fields as discussed in the foregoing section. Moreover. the data have also not been updated since long as informed by the CADA <strong>of</strong>ficials. 164
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
Page 127 and 128: Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
Page 129 and 130: in lands having slopes less than 3
Page 131 and 132: Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
Page 133 and 134: in terms of underg
Page 135 and 136: meters. The end of
Page 137 and 138: and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
Page 139 and 140: lands. The average holding size is
Page 141 and 142: The characteristics of</str
Page 143 and 144: size group is the highest in the mi
Page 145 and 146: Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
Page 147 and 148: Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
Page 149 and 150: Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
Page 151 and 152: plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
Page 153 and 154: gt:ographical concentration <strong
Page 155 and 156: Concerted efforts were also made fo
Page 157 and 158: T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
Page 159 and 160: expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
Page 161 and 162: the state cannot be treated as a pu
Page 163 and 164: in gross irrigated area. While cana
Page 165 and 166: development of lan
Page 167 and 168: The annual compound growth rates in
Page 169 and 170: 5.2.1 Dynamics of
Page 171 and 172: area and yield of
Page 173 and 174: A micro level study by Narayanan (1
Page 175 and 176: ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
Page 177: The debate on conversion of
Page 181 and 182: eqUires substantial investment for
Page 183 and 184: Source: Govt. of K
Page 185 and 186: the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
Page 187 and 188: The overall scenario suggests that
Page 189 and 190: project, they tend to undertake yie
Page 191 and 192: the establishment expenditure (stri
Page 193 and 194: a CriSIS. As the works involved In
Page 195 and 196: (ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
Page 197 and 198: 5.15). The table indicates that the
Page 199 and 200: place. There were three revisions J
Page 201 and 202: Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
Page 203 and 204: Let us now examIne the intensity <s
Page 205 and 206: Cost escalation due to arbitration
Page 207 and 208: Another source of
Page 209 and 210: process would be very high. This al
Page 211 and 212: construction for more than 20 years
Page 213 and 214: are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
Page 215 and 216: ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
Page 217 and 218: ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
Page 219 and 220: Chapter 6 Economics of</str
Page 221 and 222: conditions of the
Page 223 and 224: Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
Page 225 and 226: and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
Page 227 and 228: Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
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Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
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possible in these lands during Khar
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Hence. it may be argued that since
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It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
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project. where it is very high at R
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proper coordination between variOUS
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deficiencies that help drawing less
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conjunctive use of
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3) Again. due to the high density <
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Table 6.13: Details of</str
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doubts about the senousness <strong
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practice IS more conspIcuous In the
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2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
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large holders have spent two to thr
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Farming is considered mostly as a s
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The profitability
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noticed in the case of</str
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The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
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· 13 Bank assistance programme and
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etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
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Table 6.22: Status of</stro
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Though almost all the farmers repor
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3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
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The net income from vegetables and
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Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
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Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
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It can be seen from the survey data
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een made to examme as to how many f
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a farmer to use water from the dist
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The farmers were asked to reflect u
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evamping needed to reorient the MCS
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supplies. What is more interesting
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the knowledge of i
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All of the five ex
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It is evident from the table that t
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implications on the dynamics <stron
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competitive monocropl2 as no other
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of conversion thro
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involving farmers as active members
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The viability of p
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factors l8 . As a result. the agric
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The rise in price of</stron
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may be observed that the canal seep
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process of paddy l
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Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
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The technical constraints In the de
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2) Lack of irrigat
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manure or fertilisers are also do n
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according to the conventional basin
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Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
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The pattern of act
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eported by CADA of
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Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
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d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
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all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
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irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
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comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
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time lag involved in completion uf
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the state has increased by about 46
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cultivation of com
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through the effective implementatiC
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een the highest in Kallada project
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It was noticed that among the vario
Page 363 and 364:
The institutional paradigm evolved
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of India to be rel
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economically viable. This underscor
Page 369 and 370:
The intensity and spread of
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of allocation and
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shows that filed realities have not
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as water management related factors
Page 377 and 378:
labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380:
Given the dynamics, problems and co
Page 381 and 382:
ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384:
Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386:
Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388:
Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390:
Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392:
Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394:
Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398:
Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400:
Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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