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awareness among the farmers regarding the need for and importance (11' effectl\e utilisation <strong>of</strong> canal water. As discussed In chapter 6. OFD is understood In the Peechi irrigation command as an integral part <strong>of</strong> Command Area Development Programme (CAOP), whereas, in the Kallada. the \lInor Conveyance System (MCS) is considered as an effective measure <strong>of</strong> water connyance. given the specific characteristics <strong>of</strong> the project. As the water distribution svstcms art: different in both the irrigation projects i . the farmers· perceptions annut the location-specific problems as understood by them and the strategies adopted for OFO are also worth examining. 7.1.1 Peechi irrigation project As a first step in a logical sequence <strong>of</strong> analysing the OFO related issues. an attempt has been made to examine the understanding and knowledge <strong>of</strong> the farmers about OFD. Specific questions were asked to elicit information <strong>of</strong> the farmers regarding the usefulness <strong>of</strong> OFD in both the irrigation projects The results have been presented in table 7.1. Table 7.1: Understandine <strong>of</strong>OFD amont! farmers, Peecbi project (% <strong>of</strong> farmers) oro means Middle Tail Head Reach Reach Reach Total I. Land survev before levelling 3 4 3 2. Removing shrubs and bushes 20 18 9 17 3. Levelling the field 12 19 6 9 4. Providing uniform slope to land 19 10 12 18 5. i'rovidin)! drainage facilities 17 21 26 25 6. Items 2 to 5 29 28 44 28 Total fanners (No.) 50 45 20 lIS Nole: HR: Head Reach; MR: Middle Reach; TR: Tail Reach. , ) [ I While water distribution in the I'ccchi project is dfected through the convcntional open canal system (OCS). in the Kallada projcct. it is done through underground pipeline system called the Minor Cnnwyance System. For a detailed deSCription
It can be seen from the survey data presented in the table 7.1 that the farmers understand OFD in different ways. For some. OrD implies just removing shrubs and bushes in the fields (17 %). More than one fourth <strong>of</strong> the farmers understood it as an integrated process. which includes removing shrubs and bushes. levelling the field. providing uniform slope to the plot and providing drainage channels. What is noteworthy is that 25 per cent <strong>of</strong> the farmers are a\\are <strong>of</strong> the need for on-farm drainage. This is \'ery important to avoid adverse effects on soil. Furthermore. 26 per cent <strong>of</strong> the tail-end farmers feel the need for providing drainage. Perhaps. they succumb to the problem <strong>of</strong> seepage caused by the unlined canals. Therefore. they realise that on-farm drainage is a priority in the process <strong>of</strong> land levelling and shaping. What is surprising is Ihal 97 per cent <strong>of</strong> the farmers do not realise the importance <strong>of</strong> land survey before undertaking lewlllng operations. to know the exact slope it requires and other related aspects concerned with spacing and thickness <strong>of</strong> the bunds. The apparent neglect <strong>of</strong> land survey before levelling can be explained in terms <strong>of</strong> the small size <strong>of</strong> the operational holdings. which disinduce the farmers to undertake any additional investment for land development. Thus. it may be noted that the OFD works done by the farmers even in the limited manner are not scientific and may not sustai n for long. Another question was posed to the farmers to know what kind <strong>of</strong> benefits th..:\ thought that OF]) would enahle them to realise The responses <strong>of</strong> the farm..:rs have hecn prcs..:nted In tahle 7.2. The major benefits expected or realised hy th..: farmers arc (i) OF]) facilitates uniform spread and application <strong>of</strong> water to 272
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
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in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
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ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
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The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
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eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
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The overall scenario suggests that
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project, they tend to undertake yie
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the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
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5.15). The table indicates that the
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place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
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Let us now examIne the intensity <s
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Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Another source of
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process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
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ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
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ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
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Chapter 6 Economics of</str
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conditions of the
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Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
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Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
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Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
Page 237 and 238: ~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
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Page 241 and 242: Hence. it may be argued that since
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Page 245 and 246: project. where it is very high at R
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Page 253 and 254: 3) Again. due to the high density <
Page 255 and 256: Table 6.13: Details of</str
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Page 263 and 264: large holders have spent two to thr
Page 265 and 266: Farming is considered mostly as a s
Page 267 and 268: The profitability
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Page 271 and 272: The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
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Page 275 and 276: etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
Page 277 and 278: Table 6.22: Status of</stro
Page 279 and 280: Though almost all the farmers repor
Page 281 and 282: 3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
Page 283 and 284: The net income from vegetables and
Page 285 and 286: Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
Page 287: Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
Page 291 and 292: een made to examme as to how many f
Page 293 and 294: a farmer to use water from the dist
Page 295 and 296: The farmers were asked to reflect u
Page 297 and 298: evamping needed to reorient the MCS
Page 299 and 300: supplies. What is more interesting
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Page 303 and 304: All of the five ex
Page 305 and 306: It is evident from the table that t
Page 307 and 308: implications on the dynamics <stron
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Page 313 and 314: involving farmers as active members
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Page 317 and 318: factors l8 . As a result. the agric
Page 319 and 320: The rise in price of</stron
Page 321 and 322: may be observed that the canal seep
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Page 325 and 326: Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
Page 327 and 328: The technical constraints In the de
Page 329 and 330: 2) Lack of irrigat
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Page 333 and 334: according to the conventional basin
Page 335 and 336: Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
Page 337 and 338: The pattern of act
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eported by CADA of
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Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
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d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
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all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
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irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
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comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
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time lag involved in completion uf
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the state has increased by about 46
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cultivation of com
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through the effective implementatiC
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een the highest in Kallada project
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It was noticed that among the vario
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The institutional paradigm evolved
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of India to be rel
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economically viable. This underscor
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The intensity and spread of
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of allocation and
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shows that filed realities have not
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as water management related factors
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labour intensive farming operations
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Given the dynamics, problems and co
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ground realities associated with cr
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Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
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Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388:
Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
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Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
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Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
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Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
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GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
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Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
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Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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