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substantial rise in productivity <strong>of</strong> banana, tapioca and arecanut. Surprisingly, the productivity <strong>of</strong> paddy has never crossed beyond 2023 kg. per ha. Ta ble 7.20: Trends in productivity <strong>of</strong> important crops in Kerala, 1988-89 to 1997-98 Paddy Coconut Arecanut Tapioca Year Banana (Kg.! (Kg.! hal (nos. hal (000 nuts/ hal (Kg.! hal ha. ) 1988-89 1753 5159 183.29 18676 7380 1989-90 1956 5236 189.37 19070 7408 1990-91 1942 4864 160.05 19134 7483 1991-92 1959 5377 206.76 18822 7629 1992-93 2018 5843 213.41 19470 7653 1993-94 2193 5890 217.56 19&66 7951 1994-95 1937 5856 243.1 20511 7914 1995-96 2023 5638 245.76 22008 8137 1996-97 2022 5846 225.79 22353 9510 1997-98 1975 5890 265.43 22586 9838 Mean 1978 5560 215 20249 8090 SD 108.65 373.73 31.89 1525.65 873.41 CV(%l 5.49 6.72 14.83 7.53 10.80 Source: OOK, Economic Review (various issues). A brief discussion on the stagnancy <strong>of</strong> coconut yields in the state, in spite <strong>of</strong> substantial rise in area under it, may be relevant here. As highlighted in Chapter 5, coconut has been emerging as an important crop accounting for about 28 per cent <strong>of</strong> the total cropped area. The following are the important reasons widely reported for the relatively low and stagnant yield <strong>of</strong> coconut. 1) The existing stock <strong>of</strong> coconut palms in the state are very old and therefore, seem to have lost their productivity potential. The productivity levels are very low when &ompared to other states. While the average annual productivity per palm per annum is in the range <strong>of</strong> 60-75 nuts in states like Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh, it is only 20-35 nuts in Kerala, which is obviously very low. 310
2) Lack <strong>of</strong> irrigation during summer. In the state not more than 10 per cent <strong>of</strong> the crop receives irrigation during summer (GOK, 1997: 12). According to the farmers, irrigation in frequent intervals is essential to increase the productivity levels during summer. On the other hand, during monsoon, excessive watering affects adversely the coconut productivity. This is a dichotomous situation where farmers need proper education and training as regards water management, to tackle the problems <strong>of</strong> excessive watering during summer and scarcity during summer. Use <strong>of</strong> organic manures for coconut farming has also come down, thereby adversely affecting the moisture retention and productive capacity <strong>of</strong> coconut holdings. 3) The problem <strong>of</strong> root-wilt is another major problem affecting the productivity <strong>of</strong> coconut. As per the survey by the state government with the help <strong>of</strong> the CPCRI and Coconut Development Board conducted during 1984-85, out <strong>of</strong> 7.06 lakh ha. available under the crop during the period <strong>of</strong> survey, 3 lakh ha. were reported to be in the grip <strong>of</strong> the devastating root wilt (about 43 %) and leaf-rot diseases resulting in a total loss <strong>of</strong> 968 million nuts. A more recent estimate made by the Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture based on a field survey jointly by the CPCRI, Coconut Board and the Dept. shows that about 80 lakh palms are in advanced stages <strong>of</strong> disease requiring immediate replacement 24 . 24 As per the CPCRI study (1984-85), the proportion <strong>of</strong> root wilt affected palms has been one <strong>of</strong> the highest in Kollam at 35.46 per cent. In Alleppey, it was 81.67 per cent, Kottayam, 82.95 per cent and Ernakulam 44.97 per cent. In Mynagappilly Panchayat (Kallada command area) in Kollam district, it has been reported that almost 67 per cent <strong>of</strong> the coconut palms are affected by leaf rot disease, followed by palms affected by bud rot (31 %) and root wilt (22 %). 311
Page 1 and 2:
, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
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in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
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ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
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The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
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eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
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The overall scenario suggests that
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project, they tend to undertake yie
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the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
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5.15). The table indicates that the
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place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
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Let us now examIne the intensity <s
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Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Another source of
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process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
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ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
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ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
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Chapter 6 Economics of</str
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conditions of the
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Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
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Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
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Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
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possible in these lands during Khar
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Hence. it may be argued that since
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It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
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project. where it is very high at R
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proper coordination between variOUS
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deficiencies that help drawing less
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conjunctive use of
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3) Again. due to the high density <
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Table 6.13: Details of</str
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doubts about the senousness <strong
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practice IS more conspIcuous In the
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2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
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large holders have spent two to thr
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Farming is considered mostly as a s
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The profitability
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noticed in the case of</str
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The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
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· 13 Bank assistance programme and
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etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
Page 277 and 278: Table 6.22: Status of</stro
Page 279 and 280: Though almost all the farmers repor
Page 281 and 282: 3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
Page 283 and 284: The net income from vegetables and
Page 285 and 286: Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
Page 287 and 288: Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
Page 289 and 290: It can be seen from the survey data
Page 291 and 292: een made to examme as to how many f
Page 293 and 294: a farmer to use water from the dist
Page 295 and 296: The farmers were asked to reflect u
Page 297 and 298: evamping needed to reorient the MCS
Page 299 and 300: supplies. What is more interesting
Page 301 and 302: the knowledge of i
Page 303 and 304: All of the five ex
Page 305 and 306: It is evident from the table that t
Page 307 and 308: implications on the dynamics <stron
Page 309 and 310: competitive monocropl2 as no other
Page 311 and 312: of conversion thro
Page 313 and 314: involving farmers as active members
Page 315 and 316: The viability of p
Page 317 and 318: factors l8 . As a result. the agric
Page 319 and 320: The rise in price of</stron
Page 321 and 322: may be observed that the canal seep
Page 323 and 324: process of paddy l
Page 325 and 326: Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
Page 327: The technical constraints In the de
Page 331 and 332: manure or fertilisers are also do n
Page 333 and 334: according to the conventional basin
Page 335 and 336: Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
Page 337 and 338: The pattern of act
Page 339 and 340: eported by CADA of
Page 341 and 342: Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
Page 343 and 344: d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
Page 345 and 346: all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
Page 347 and 348: irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
Page 349 and 350: comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
Page 351 and 352: time lag involved in completion uf
Page 353 and 354: the state has increased by about 46
Page 355 and 356: cultivation of com
Page 357 and 358: through the effective implementatiC
Page 359 and 360: een the highest in Kallada project
Page 361 and 362: It was noticed that among the vario
Page 363 and 364: The institutional paradigm evolved
Page 365 and 366: of India to be rel
Page 367 and 368: economically viable. This underscor
Page 369 and 370: The intensity and spread of
Page 371 and 372: of allocation and
Page 373 and 374: shows that filed realities have not
Page 375 and 376: as water management related factors
Page 377 and 378: labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380:
Given the dynamics, problems and co
Page 381 and 382:
ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384:
Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386:
Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388:
Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390:
Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392:
Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394:
Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398:
Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400:
Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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