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7.3.3 Technical constraints The major technical constraints for irrigation development In Kcrala may be classified as: I) Design <strong>of</strong> the projects exclusively for paddy cultivation; 2) The water distribution networks in the command areas do not permit to introduce demand based supply <strong>of</strong> water; 3) Irrigation infrastructure and water distribution networks are in dilapidated condition and therefore, need immediate rehabilitation to· allow designed discharge <strong>of</strong> water in the canals; and 4) Improper design and alignment <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong> the canals and field channels adversely affecting water distribution. A major consequence <strong>of</strong> the projects being designed exclusively for paddy cultivation is that crop diversification is not legally permitted to take advantage <strong>of</strong> the abundant water available in the canals left unutilised in the absence <strong>of</strong> paddy cultivation. Though the farmers have undertaken crop diversification in some <strong>of</strong> the irrigation commands, there are several practical problems arising out <strong>of</strong> inflexible design <strong>of</strong> water distribution network enabling crop diversification. Since the terrain in many <strong>of</strong> the irrigation commands in Kerala is undulating, effective utilisation <strong>of</strong> canal water necessitates significant investment on OFD both from the irrigation department upstream side <strong>of</strong> the canal system as well as the farmers downstream. 308
The technical constraints In the development distribution and management <strong>of</strong> irrigation systems warrant proper understanding <strong>of</strong> the land use dynamics at the local level. Given the topographical characteristics, the state would need irrigation projects with an unique design <strong>of</strong> water distribution, network and planning to promote systems depending upon the topography as in the Kallada irrigation project. Though Kallada irrigation scheme appears to be a technically sound system suitable to the specific terrain it commands, the scheme could not be successfully implemented for the reasons mentioned already. This raises an important question as to how the irrigation systems in Kerala could be reoriented? What should be the development priorities in the changing scenario? These are the important questions that policy makers should bear in mind while planning for rehabilitation <strong>of</strong> the completed projects and expediting completion <strong>of</strong> the ongoing ones. Some <strong>of</strong> the experiences In the contemporary development scenario regarding crop diversification need to be reflected upon to draw lessons for future planning. For example, there are growing apprehensions that cultivation <strong>of</strong> coconut under assured canal irrigation may not bring the desired results. Because, the productivity <strong>of</strong> coconut had been almost stagnant since 1992-93 (Table 7.20). On the other hand, the productivity <strong>of</strong> banana, tapioca and arecanut has increased substantially. Therefore, to allow the present trend <strong>of</strong> converting paddy fields into coconut groves is wise enough in the long run. Among the crops, the productivity <strong>of</strong> coconut has been almost stagnant since 1992-93, compared to 309
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
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in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
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ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
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The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
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eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
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The overall scenario suggests that
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project, they tend to undertake yie
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the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
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5.15). The table indicates that the
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place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
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Let us now examIne the intensity <s
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Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Another source of
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process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
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ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
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ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
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Chapter 6 Economics of</str
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conditions of the
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Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
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Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
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Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
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possible in these lands during Khar
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Hence. it may be argued that since
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It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
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project. where it is very high at R
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proper coordination between variOUS
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deficiencies that help drawing less
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conjunctive use of
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3) Again. due to the high density <
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Table 6.13: Details of</str
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doubts about the senousness <strong
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practice IS more conspIcuous In the
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2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
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large holders have spent two to thr
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Farming is considered mostly as a s
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The profitability
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noticed in the case of</str
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The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
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· 13 Bank assistance programme and
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Page 277 and 278: Table 6.22: Status of</stro
Page 279 and 280: Though almost all the farmers repor
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Page 283 and 284: The net income from vegetables and
Page 285 and 286: Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
Page 287 and 288: Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
Page 289 and 290: It can be seen from the survey data
Page 291 and 292: een made to examme as to how many f
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Page 295 and 296: The farmers were asked to reflect u
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Page 299 and 300: supplies. What is more interesting
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Page 305 and 306: It is evident from the table that t
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Page 313 and 314: involving farmers as active members
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Page 317 and 318: factors l8 . As a result. the agric
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Page 321 and 322: may be observed that the canal seep
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Page 325: Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
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Page 335 and 336: Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
Page 337 and 338: The pattern of act
Page 339 and 340: eported by CADA of
Page 341 and 342: Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
Page 343 and 344: d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
Page 345 and 346: all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
Page 347 and 348: irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
Page 349 and 350: comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
Page 351 and 352: time lag involved in completion uf
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Page 357 and 358: through the effective implementatiC
Page 359 and 360: een the highest in Kallada project
Page 361 and 362: It was noticed that among the vario
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Page 365 and 366: of India to be rel
Page 367 and 368: economically viable. This underscor
Page 369 and 370: The intensity and spread of
Page 371 and 372: of allocation and
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Page 375 and 376: as water management related factors
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labour intensive farming operations
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Given the dynamics, problems and co
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ground realities associated with cr
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Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
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Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
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Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
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Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
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Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
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Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
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GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
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Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
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Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
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Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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