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Table 4.6: Characteristics <strong>of</strong> sample farm households in Peechi Irrigation P rOlec . t Characteristics Head Middle Tail Total Total sample (No.) 50 45 20 115 Wet area (acres) 32.24 27.5 12.48 72.22 Dry area (acres) ! 70.84 40.88 15.83 127.55 Total area (acres) 103.08 68.38 28.31 199.77 Effective paddy area (%) 60.73 57.60 45.99 56.99 Share <strong>of</strong> rubber area (%) Nil Nil 62.88 8.91 Rubber area holders (%) Nil Nil 80.00 13.91 Average holding size (acres) 2.06 1.52 1.42 1.74 A veral!e paddv area (acres) 0.63 0.79 0.96 0.72 A veral!c rubber area (acres) Nil Nil 1. 11 1.11 Paddy leased out (%) Nil 21.60 38.30 14.84 Paddy converted (%) 22.92 20.8 25.47 23.06 The average size <strong>of</strong> the operational holdings across the size classes and also locations in each <strong>of</strong> the irrigation project is presented in table 4.7. Table 4.7: Location-wise average holding size in the command areas i Size class I Kallada Irri!!ation Project Peechi Irri!!ation Project (acres) I Head Middle Tail Head Middle Tail Below 0.5 0.26 0.46 0.55 0.43 0.38 0.48 0.5 to I 0.76 0.71 0.86 0.81 0.78 0.76 I to 2 I 1.86 1.78 1.65 1.50 1.73 1.91 2 to -l 3.34 3.72 3.59 3.20 3.76 3.84 Above -I 6.65 I 1 .3 1 6.78 7.52 4.25 5.36 Total 2.12 2.65 2.18 2.06 1.52 1.42 The average size <strong>of</strong> holding in the class <strong>of</strong> below 0.5 acres in the Kallada irrigation project is only 0.26 acres in the head reaches, followed by 0.46 in the middle and 0.55 acres in the tail end. The average size <strong>of</strong> holding in this group is th~ highest 3t 0.48 acres in the tail reaches <strong>of</strong> Peechi eomp3red to 0.43 acres in the: h~ad and 0.38 3cres in the: middle. In the size group <strong>of</strong> 0.5 to I acres, the
size group is the highest in the middle reaches <strong>of</strong> Kallada at 11.31 acres and lowest in the middle reaches <strong>of</strong> Peechi at 4.25 acres. The distribution <strong>of</strong> working population in the study regions as per the Census report shows that the proportion <strong>of</strong> cultivators is the highest in the Pathanamthitta and Kollam districts (Table 4.8). It may be due to the cultivation <strong>of</strong> rubber on larger scale in these districts .. which could be explained in terms <strong>of</strong> the dominance <strong>of</strong> rubber plantations in these districts. The proportion <strong>of</strong> agricultural labourers is also more in the Pathanamthitta district. where it is higher than the state average <strong>of</strong> 25.54 per cent. Table 4.8: Distribution <strong>of</strong> working population in the ease study regiolls vis-a-vis State (%) Tvpe <strong>of</strong> population Kollam Alapuzha Pathanamthitta Thrissur State Cultivators 16.10 7.97 15.81 9.20 12.14 Al!ri. labourers 22.95 , 14.17 27.11 11.81 15.54 , , Household industry I workers I 1.85 9.77 1.18 I 4.46 1.58 Other workers I 59.10 58.10 45.89 63.52 59.64 Total 672712 60260-1 321595 804738 8301087 . Source: Farm GUide. 1999 . The details <strong>of</strong> occupational status <strong>of</strong> the sample farmers have been presented in table 4.9. The proportion <strong>of</strong> full time farmers in Kallada command area is about 48 per cent. A significant proportion <strong>of</strong> them are rubber growers and this may be an important reason why a large percentage <strong>of</strong> them is reported to be full time farmers. About 16 per cent is engaged in rubber tapping. followed by 12 as agricultural labourers. Whereas. in the Peechi project. 38 per cent <strong>of</strong> the farmers surveyed arc full time farmers. followed by agricultural labourers 24 per cent. Thus. it is evident that a majority <strong>of</strong> the farmers arc unable to stick to agriculture due to the small size <strong>of</strong> operational holdings. Therefore. they consider 128
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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Page 93 and 94: which are unique in several ways, t
Page 95 and 96: across the states in different agro
Page 97 and 98: and social setting In which a proje
Page 99 and 100: The indepth study to examine the fa
Page 101 and 102: \,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
Page 103 and 104: understand the problems related to
Page 105 and 106: of the crop produc
Page 107 and 108: greater differences between the the
Page 109 and 110: Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
Page 111 and 112: specific promotional programmes und
Page 113 and 114: Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
Page 115 and 116: 3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
Page 117 and 118: non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
Page 119 and 120: '- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
Page 121 and 122: strictly adhered to the directions
Page 123 and 124: 4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
Page 125 and 126: 4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
Page 127 and 128: Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
Page 129 and 130: in lands having slopes less than 3
Page 131 and 132: Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
Page 133 and 134: in terms of underg
Page 135 and 136: meters. The end of
Page 137 and 138: and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
Page 139 and 140: lands. The average holding size is
Page 141: The characteristics of</str
Page 145 and 146: Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
Page 147 and 148: Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
Page 149 and 150: Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
Page 151 and 152: plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
Page 153 and 154: gt:ographical concentration <strong
Page 155 and 156: Concerted efforts were also made fo
Page 157 and 158: T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
Page 159 and 160: expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
Page 161 and 162: the state cannot be treated as a pu
Page 163 and 164: in gross irrigated area. While cana
Page 165 and 166: development of lan
Page 167 and 168: The annual compound growth rates in
Page 169 and 170: 5.2.1 Dynamics of
Page 171 and 172: area and yield of
Page 173 and 174: A micro level study by Narayanan (1
Page 175 and 176: ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
Page 177 and 178: The debate on conversion of
Page 179 and 180: (Table 5.10). The table indicates t
Page 181 and 182: eqUires substantial investment for
Page 183 and 184: Source: Govt. of K
Page 185 and 186: the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
Page 187 and 188: The overall scenario suggests that
Page 189 and 190: project, they tend to undertake yie
Page 191 and 192: the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
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5.15). The table indicates that the
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place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
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Let us now examIne the intensity <s
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Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Another source of
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process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
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ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
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ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
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Chapter 6 Economics of</str
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conditions of the
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Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
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Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
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Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
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possible in these lands during Khar
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Hence. it may be argued that since
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It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
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project. where it is very high at R
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proper coordination between variOUS
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deficiencies that help drawing less
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conjunctive use of
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3) Again. due to the high density <
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Table 6.13: Details of</str
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doubts about the senousness <strong
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practice IS more conspIcuous In the
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2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
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large holders have spent two to thr
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Farming is considered mostly as a s
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The profitability
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noticed in the case of</str
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The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
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· 13 Bank assistance programme and
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etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
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Table 6.22: Status of</stro
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Though almost all the farmers repor
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3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
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The net income from vegetables and
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Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
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Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
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It can be seen from the survey data
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een made to examme as to how many f
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a farmer to use water from the dist
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The farmers were asked to reflect u
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evamping needed to reorient the MCS
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supplies. What is more interesting
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the knowledge of i
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All of the five ex
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It is evident from the table that t
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implications on the dynamics <stron
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competitive monocropl2 as no other
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of conversion thro
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involving farmers as active members
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The viability of p
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factors l8 . As a result. the agric
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The rise in price of</stron
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may be observed that the canal seep
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process of paddy l
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Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
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The technical constraints In the de
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2) Lack of irrigat
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manure or fertilisers are also do n
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according to the conventional basin
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Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
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The pattern of act
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eported by CADA of
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Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
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d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
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all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
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irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
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comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
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time lag involved in completion uf
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the state has increased by about 46
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cultivation of com
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through the effective implementatiC
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een the highest in Kallada project
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It was noticed that among the vario
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The institutional paradigm evolved
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of India to be rel
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economically viable. This underscor
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The intensity and spread of
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of allocation and
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shows that filed realities have not
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as water management related factors
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labour intensive farming operations
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Given the dynamics, problems and co
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ground realities associated with cr
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Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
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Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388:
Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
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Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392:
Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394:
Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
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Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
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Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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