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Appendix 6.1 : Project-Wise Physical And Financial Performance <strong>of</strong> CAD Programmes in Kerala, 1985-86 to 1994-95 (Contd ... ) Activities! Wing Phy,ical Financial Share <strong>of</strong> Physical achicveme Expenses each Cost per achieveme nt (Rs item in ha.(Rs.) nt (% (Hectares) finances La~hs) share) (%) 6. Mangalam Project , I. Agri. Wing 1610 4.57 , 283.66 18.35 3.55 i ~. Soil Consen at ion 0 0.00 000 0.00 000 3. Engineering 6745 I - ~4.12 1840.15 . 76.86 96.45 4. Evaluation 421 0.00 0.00 ! , 4.80 0.00 ~- I Sub total 8776 I ~8.69 1466.33 100.00 100.00 ! 7. Vazhani Project I. Agri. Wing 1087 7.36 677.09 8.93 2.34 2. Soil Conservation 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3. Engineering 10397 307.58 2958.33 85.39 97.66 4. Evaluation 692 0.00 0.29 5.68 0.00 Sub total 1~176 314.94 ~586.56 100.00 100.00 8. Cheera~uzhi Project 'I. Agri Wing ... 713 4J5 610.38 16.21 3.17 , Soil Conscnation 0: 0.00 0.00 I 0.00 0.00 I 3 En!!ineerin!! I 3001 132.98 4431.19 68.24 96.83 : 4. Evaluation 684 0.00 0.00 15.55 0.00 : Sub total 4398 137.33 3122.60 100.00 100.00 i 9. Chala!-.udv Project I. Agri. Wing 7151 47.36 662.33 13.10 3.73 2. Soil Conservation 165 5.41 3277.58 ! 0.30 0.43 3. Engineering 44958 1218.14 ~709.51 8~.35 , 95.85 4. Evaluation ~323 0.02 0.86 4.~5 ; 000 Sub total 54597 1270.93 2327.84 10000 100.00 10. Neyvar Project I. Agri. Wing 61 II 45.58 745.85 16.57 5.21 2. Soil Conservation 50 0.67 1346.00 0.14 0.08 3. Engineering ~8935 8~9.09 2865.34 78.4 7 94.71 4. Evaluation 1778 0.02 1.07 4.82 0.00 Sub total 36874 875.36 2373.92 100.00 100.00 . 269
Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Determinants. Constraints and Problems The status <strong>of</strong> adoption <strong>of</strong> OFO in irrigation projects in general and in the two projects selected for the study. in particular. has been presented in the preceding chapter. As revealed by the secondary data available and also by the field survey data. the adoption <strong>of</strong> OFO has been found to be far from expected levels. In spite <strong>of</strong> the demonstrated evidences to show that OFO facilitates increase in crop productivity and the consequent higher income. farmers are still reluctant to take up OFO works. Against this backdrop. it IS imperative to examine the major determinants. constraints and problems in the adoption <strong>of</strong> OFO by the farmers . ..... ccordingly. this chapter discusseS the various factors determining the adoption <strong>of</strong> land development and \\at~r commands in the state. The chapt~r management measures in the irrigation is divided into three sections. Section one has been devoted to an examination <strong>of</strong> farmers' perceptions as well as responses regarding the effectiveness <strong>of</strong> orD and the various reasons for the non-adoption <strong>of</strong> OFO in the study regions. Scction two deals with the region and farm-specific factors determining the adoption <strong>of</strong> OFO in the two irrigation projects. In section three. the important problems and operational level constraints for the efficient and effective utilisation <strong>of</strong> land and water resources have been discussed. 7.1. Farmers' perceptions <strong>of</strong> OFD: A multiple response analysis It is important to examine the farmers' perceptions about the concert. effectiveness as well as the prohkms confrontcd in undertaking OF!) in the irrigation commands. This information helps us in understanding the level <strong>of</strong>
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
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in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
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ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
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The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
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eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
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The overall scenario suggests that
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project, they tend to undertake yie
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the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
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5.15). The table indicates that the
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place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
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Let us now examIne the intensity <s
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Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Another source of
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process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
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ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
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ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
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Chapter 6 Economics of</str
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conditions of the
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Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
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Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
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Besides. it has been reported that
Page 235 and 236: I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
Page 237 and 238: ~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
Page 239 and 240: possible in these lands during Khar
Page 241 and 242: Hence. it may be argued that since
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Page 245 and 246: project. where it is very high at R
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Page 253 and 254: 3) Again. due to the high density <
Page 255 and 256: Table 6.13: Details of</str
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Page 265 and 266: Farming is considered mostly as a s
Page 267 and 268: The profitability
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Page 275 and 276: etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
Page 277 and 278: Table 6.22: Status of</stro
Page 279 and 280: Though almost all the farmers repor
Page 281 and 282: 3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
Page 283 and 284: The net income from vegetables and
Page 285: Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
Page 289 and 290: It can be seen from the survey data
Page 291 and 292: een made to examme as to how many f
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Page 295 and 296: The farmers were asked to reflect u
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Page 299 and 300: supplies. What is more interesting
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Page 317 and 318: factors l8 . As a result. the agric
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Page 321 and 322: may be observed that the canal seep
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Page 325 and 326: Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
Page 327 and 328: The technical constraints In the de
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Page 335 and 336: Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
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The pattern of act
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eported by CADA of
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Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
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d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
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all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
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irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
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comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
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time lag involved in completion uf
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the state has increased by about 46
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cultivation of com
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through the effective implementatiC
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een the highest in Kallada project
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It was noticed that among the vario
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The institutional paradigm evolved
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of India to be rel
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economically viable. This underscor
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The intensity and spread of
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of allocation and
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shows that filed realities have not
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as water management related factors
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labour intensive farming operations
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Given the dynamics, problems and co
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ground realities associated with cr
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Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
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Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
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Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
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Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
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Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
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Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
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GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
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Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
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Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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