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avoiding over-grazing in the catchment area. etc. Measures in this direction have not been Initiated (CAGI. 1986-87). which may be attributed to lack <strong>of</strong> financial resources for undertaking the protective measures. The problem <strong>of</strong> leakage in the dams was another important issue. An expert committee was constituted by the Government <strong>of</strong> Kerala in November 1983 to guide <strong>of</strong>ficials at site in executi"g necessary rectificatorv works on kaks in the Kanjirapuzha dam. The committee had founrl :1,3t the leaks in all the blocks were due to reasons like seep'!ge (Win foundation, leak~ tlU(":iSh face drains and masonry JafI!. Tile committee's recommendations for correcting the jJwble"!"" ~."ve not been carried out as <strong>of</strong> December 1995 and thf> I>;.lks continue which may affect the dam safety. Even if rainfall is more in the catchment area. the run<strong>of</strong>f could not be harvested hv raiSin!! storaL!e level because <strong>of</strong> non-rectification <strong>of</strong> the leaks (CAGI. , , 1995) The problem <strong>of</strong> rehabilitation has ~1~.,' he en an unfinished agenda, for want <strong>of</strong> financial resources to rehabilitate the project-affected peopie (PAP). It is reported that in Karapuzha project. construction <strong>of</strong> houses for rehabilitation <strong>of</strong> 218 tribal (adimsi; families evicted in 1978 from the reservoir area had not started even after 19 years <strong>of</strong> starting the project (CAGI. 1997: 4.1.15). Time lag in the completion <strong>of</strong> projects The status <strong>of</strong> irrigation systems in Kerala in terms <strong>of</strong> the magnitude <strong>of</strong> the problem <strong>of</strong> time-lag in the completion has been discussed 111 detail in the first section <strong>of</strong> this chapter. As a matter <strong>of</strong> fact, a majority <strong>of</strong> the ongoing irrigation schemes arc under 195
construction for more than 20 years spending a lion's share <strong>of</strong> the financial resources <strong>of</strong> the state. It is reported that the ten irrigation projects taken up between 1961 and 1982 at an estimated cost <strong>of</strong> Rs.183.85 crores had not been completed cven by March 1998. The total expenditure already incurred on these incomplete works amounted to Rs. 1235.25 crores. The estimates <strong>of</strong> these projects have since been revised to Rs. 1969.48 crores (CAGl. 1998). Various reasons are attributed for the delay in the completion <strong>of</strong> irrigation works. They are: (i) delays In communicating acceptance <strong>of</strong> tenders; (ii) change <strong>of</strong> specification! defective estimation; (iii) departmental lapses; (iv) intermittent strikes by labour unions at the work site and (v) inadequate budget provisions. It has been reported that in Muvattupuzha valley irrigation project. the budget provisions have heen far belo\\ the actual e\:penditure during the period 198~-85 to 1992-93 (Table 5.21). The actual e\:penditure was 73 per cent more than the budgetary prOVISIOns during the entire period under consideration. Table 5.21: Budget provision and actual expenditure in Muvaltupuzha Valley irrigation pr0.Lec . t Year Oulla\ as per • F d 'd d Actual . - , un s provi e Funds provided as Project Report (Rs. lakhs) expenditure (Rs. (%) <strong>of</strong> expo (Rs. lakhsl lakhs) 1984-85 806.00 r 200 348.33 57.42 1985-86 454.00 40 199.78 20.02 1986-87 400.18 i 200 274.68 72.81 1987-88 '-15.58 i 210 24006 87.48 1988-89 370.93 350 362.59 96.53 1989-90 468.02 300 616.83 48.64 1990-91 -100.00 400 i 536.27 74.59 1991-92 800.00 800 840.05 95.23 Cumulative ~9.j4.71 2500 3418.59 73.13 Source. Complied trolJ1 C AGI. 1994 196
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
Page 159 and 160: expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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Page 163 and 164: in gross irrigated area. While cana
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Page 167 and 168: The annual compound growth rates in
Page 169 and 170: 5.2.1 Dynamics of
Page 171 and 172: area and yield of
Page 173 and 174: A micro level study by Narayanan (1
Page 175 and 176: ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
Page 177 and 178: The debate on conversion of
Page 179 and 180: (Table 5.10). The table indicates t
Page 181 and 182: eqUires substantial investment for
Page 183 and 184: Source: Govt. of K
Page 185 and 186: the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
Page 187 and 188: The overall scenario suggests that
Page 189 and 190: project, they tend to undertake yie
Page 191 and 192: the establishment expenditure (stri
Page 193 and 194: a CriSIS. As the works involved In
Page 195 and 196: (ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
Page 197 and 198: 5.15). The table indicates that the
Page 199 and 200: place. There were three revisions J
Page 201 and 202: Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
Page 203 and 204: Let us now examIne the intensity <s
Page 205 and 206: Cost escalation due to arbitration
Page 207 and 208: Another source of
Page 209: process would be very high. This al
Page 213 and 214: are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
Page 215 and 216: ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
Page 217 and 218: ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
Page 219 and 220: Chapter 6 Economics of</str
Page 221 and 222: conditions of the
Page 223 and 224: Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
Page 225 and 226: and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
Page 227 and 228: Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
Page 229 and 230: the total allocation has been for t
Page 231 and 232: per cent achievement in physical te
Page 233 and 234: Besides. it has been reported that
Page 235 and 236: I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
Page 237 and 238: ~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
Page 239 and 240: possible in these lands during Khar
Page 241 and 242: Hence. it may be argued that since
Page 243 and 244: It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
Page 245 and 246: project. where it is very high at R
Page 247 and 248: proper coordination between variOUS
Page 249 and 250: deficiencies that help drawing less
Page 251 and 252: conjunctive use of
Page 253 and 254: 3) Again. due to the high density <
Page 255 and 256: Table 6.13: Details of</str
Page 257 and 258: doubts about the senousness <strong
Page 259 and 260: practice IS more conspIcuous In the
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2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
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large holders have spent two to thr
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Farming is considered mostly as a s
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The profitability
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noticed in the case of</str
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The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
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· 13 Bank assistance programme and
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etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
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Table 6.22: Status of</stro
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Though almost all the farmers repor
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3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
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The net income from vegetables and
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Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
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Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
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It can be seen from the survey data
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een made to examme as to how many f
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a farmer to use water from the dist
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The farmers were asked to reflect u
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evamping needed to reorient the MCS
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supplies. What is more interesting
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the knowledge of i
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All of the five ex
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It is evident from the table that t
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implications on the dynamics <stron
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competitive monocropl2 as no other
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of conversion thro
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involving farmers as active members
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The viability of p
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factors l8 . As a result. the agric
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The rise in price of</stron
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may be observed that the canal seep
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process of paddy l
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Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
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The technical constraints In the de
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2) Lack of irrigat
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manure or fertilisers are also do n
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according to the conventional basin
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Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
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The pattern of act
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eported by CADA of
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Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
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d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
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all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
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irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
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comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
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time lag involved in completion uf
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the state has increased by about 46
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cultivation of com
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through the effective implementatiC
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een the highest in Kallada project
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It was noticed that among the vario
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The institutional paradigm evolved
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of India to be rel
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economically viable. This underscor
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The intensity and spread of
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of allocation and
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shows that filed realities have not
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as water management related factors
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labour intensive farming operations
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Given the dynamics, problems and co
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ground realities associated with cr
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Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386:
Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388:
Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390:
Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392:
Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394:
Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398:
Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400:
Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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