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with OFD have been more than those without OFO works. Among the crops. tapioca and banana are more pr<strong>of</strong>itable. For instance. the additional output from the developed plots is 231 per cent more. In the case <strong>of</strong> banana. the productivity in developed plots is higher by 1377 kg. per acre than the undeveloped plots. The yield di fferentials are quite perceptible in case <strong>of</strong> all other crops though not as high as in the case <strong>of</strong> tapioca and banana. Table 6.20: Yield and income differences in plots with and without OFO in the Peechi project I Plots \\ ith OFO Plots without OFO Incremental Additional Crops Value ! Value Yield yield (Kg.! No.) Yield earnings (Rs.) (Rs.) per acre (%) Coconut 3339 14190 1833 7791 1506 82 Banana 2125 19656 748 6923 1377 184 Vegetable 504, 4234 278 2338 226 81 Arecanut 189 ' 8517 113 5101 76 67 Rubber· 909 26819 620 18302 289 47 : Pepper , 68 8273 55 6668 13 24 i Ginger! 141 530 71 266 70 99 , turmeriC Tapioca 1003 4763 303 1439 700 231 Note: • Rubber IS grown only 10 the tall reaches <strong>of</strong> the RB maIO canal. Yield <strong>of</strong> coconut and is measures in tenns <strong>of</strong> number <strong>of</strong> nuts per acre and for all (lth\:r crops. it is kgs p\:r aer\:o Rubber is essentially a rainfed crop. Even so. the developed plots. which arc converted into rubber fields. tend to have more moisture retention capacity and therefore. its productivity is high when compared to undeveloped plots, The improved soil moisture status enables more number <strong>of</strong> tapping days during summer!!. resulting in higher output. The yield improvement I! In view <strong>of</strong> the acule SCIre Ily "I water during summer. rubber growers tend to keep their rubber trees unlapped lor ahout two months and providing irrigation to rubber plants during this period help, avoiding the lapping rest. thereby providing more number <strong>of</strong> tapping days. 251
noticed in the case <strong>of</strong> rubber could be considered as an outcome <strong>of</strong> increase in the number <strong>of</strong> tapping days. Though crop diversification is taking place in the command area on a larger scale from paddy to other high value crops, the non-availability <strong>of</strong> watcr acts as a major constraint in attaining higher levels <strong>of</strong> productivity under irrigated conditions. It is also certain that if the farmers are assured <strong>of</strong> timely supply <strong>of</strong> water. they would invcst more on improving the quality <strong>of</strong> the land through adoption <strong>of</strong> OFD. It is important to note that, whatever little investment the farmers make for irrigating the plots is contingent upon the incidental benefit <strong>of</strong> groundwater replenishment caused by canal seepage. As the water release for crops other than paddy is outside the design and scope <strong>of</strong> the project, farmers are not able to get the maximum benefits out <strong>of</strong> crop diversification. If the irrigation system are technicallv modilied so as to enable crop diversification, it would . . further induce the farmers to invest in OFD for efficient utilisation <strong>of</strong> water in the field. This will also motivate them to resort to conjunctive use <strong>of</strong> canal and groundwater. The reasons and the constraints In the adoption <strong>of</strong> better land development and water management measures both at the system as well as farm levels will be examined in greater detail in the following chapter. In what follows, a detailed analysis <strong>of</strong> the impact <strong>of</strong> adoption <strong>of</strong> OFD in the Kallada irrigation project has heen attempted. 252
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
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in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
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ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
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The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
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eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
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The overall scenario suggests that
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project, they tend to undertake yie
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the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
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5.15). The table indicates that the
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place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
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Let us now examIne the intensity <s
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Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Another source of
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process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
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ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
Page 217 and 218: ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
Page 219 and 220: Chapter 6 Economics of</str
Page 221 and 222: conditions of the
Page 223 and 224: Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
Page 225 and 226: and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
Page 227 and 228: Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
Page 229 and 230: the total allocation has been for t
Page 231 and 232: per cent achievement in physical te
Page 233 and 234: Besides. it has been reported that
Page 235 and 236: I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
Page 237 and 238: ~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
Page 239 and 240: possible in these lands during Khar
Page 241 and 242: Hence. it may be argued that since
Page 243 and 244: It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
Page 245 and 246: project. where it is very high at R
Page 247 and 248: proper coordination between variOUS
Page 249 and 250: deficiencies that help drawing less
Page 251 and 252: conjunctive use of
Page 253 and 254: 3) Again. due to the high density <
Page 255 and 256: Table 6.13: Details of</str
Page 257 and 258: doubts about the senousness <strong
Page 259 and 260: practice IS more conspIcuous In the
Page 261 and 262: 2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
Page 263 and 264: large holders have spent two to thr
Page 265 and 266: Farming is considered mostly as a s
Page 267: The profitability
Page 271 and 272: The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
Page 273 and 274: · 13 Bank assistance programme and
Page 275 and 276: etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
Page 277 and 278: Table 6.22: Status of</stro
Page 279 and 280: Though almost all the farmers repor
Page 281 and 282: 3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
Page 283 and 284: The net income from vegetables and
Page 285 and 286: Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
Page 287 and 288: Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
Page 289 and 290: It can be seen from the survey data
Page 291 and 292: een made to examme as to how many f
Page 293 and 294: a farmer to use water from the dist
Page 295 and 296: The farmers were asked to reflect u
Page 297 and 298: evamping needed to reorient the MCS
Page 299 and 300: supplies. What is more interesting
Page 301 and 302: the knowledge of i
Page 303 and 304: All of the five ex
Page 305 and 306: It is evident from the table that t
Page 307 and 308: implications on the dynamics <stron
Page 309 and 310: competitive monocropl2 as no other
Page 311 and 312: of conversion thro
Page 313 and 314: involving farmers as active members
Page 315 and 316: The viability of p
Page 317 and 318: factors l8 . As a result. the agric
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The rise in price of</stron
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may be observed that the canal seep
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process of paddy l
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Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
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The technical constraints In the de
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2) Lack of irrigat
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manure or fertilisers are also do n
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according to the conventional basin
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Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
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The pattern of act
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eported by CADA of
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Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
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d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
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all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
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irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
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comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
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time lag involved in completion uf
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the state has increased by about 46
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cultivation of com
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through the effective implementatiC
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een the highest in Kallada project
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It was noticed that among the vario
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The institutional paradigm evolved
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of India to be rel
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economically viable. This underscor
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The intensity and spread of
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of allocation and
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shows that filed realities have not
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as water management related factors
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labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380:
Given the dynamics, problems and co
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ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384:
Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386:
Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388:
Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390:
Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392:
Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394:
Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398:
Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400:
Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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