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evenue in gross receipts (less working expenses) <strong>of</strong> Rs. 138.3 million, about Rs. 4.2 per acre (Whitcombe, 1982: 677). It is no doubt that strong foundations were laid by the British for the massive edifice <strong>of</strong> modern irrigation systems in India. 1.1.3 The Post-independence period: The irrigation sector witnessed new vistas <strong>of</strong> development during the postcolonial or post-independence period. A major shift in the paradigm <strong>of</strong> development had taken place with the emergence <strong>of</strong> big storage dams. The increasingly high requirements <strong>of</strong> food by the burgeoning population necessitated the building <strong>of</strong> dams to expand the irrigated area, besides encouraging and using traditionally built irrigation systems. This had led to state intervention on a larger scale followed by an explosion in investment in irrigation systems. Subsequently, the irrigation potential increased from 22.6 million ha. in 1950 (pre-plan) to 89.6 million ha. by 1996-97 under major and medium irrigation projects (CWe. 1998 ). The Central Water Commission has estimated India's total water availability at 2301 km 3 . Out <strong>of</strong> this. surface water resources are estimated at 1869 km 3 and rechargeable groundwater resources at 432 km 3 . It is expected that o'nly 690 km 3 <strong>of</strong> surface water resources (out <strong>of</strong> 1869 km 3 ) can be utilised by storage. The estimated water utilisation is expected to be 1122 km 3 . At present. the storage capacity <strong>of</strong> all dams in Im.!!:l is 174 km 3 The projects under construction will have a storage capacity <strong>of</strong> about 75 km' (CWe. 1998). As <strong>of</strong> now. there are 40 I 0 dams in India, excluding thust: dams under conslructiun. -------------------------------------------- (l'n7): SCllgupta(19S2; 1985; 1991: 19'),). i\tlSra(I')')3; 1(95). 9
(World Register <strong>of</strong> Dams, 1998) to harvest available v.ater resources. Out <strong>of</strong> these. about 250 dams are <strong>of</strong> pre-independence vint~gc. ~bout 75 dams art: nHHe than 90 years old. 300 are more than 50 years old and 30()() art: bcllm 25 > c~r~ old. The investment on irrigation development has increased significantly In the successive Five Year Plans. There was. however, a marked decline III investment after the Sixth Plan 8 . In absolute terms, the investment in irrigation infrastructure development in India has increased more than 60 times from Rs. 446 crores in the First Plan (1951-56) to Rs.28391 crores in the Eighth Plan (1992-97) (Table 1.1). Out <strong>of</strong> the total expenditure on irrigation and flood control. more than 55 per cent had been earmarked for the development <strong>of</strong> major and medium irrigation projects during most <strong>of</strong> the plan periods except during the Third and Fourth Plan periods. The cost per hectare <strong>of</strong> irrigation potential created under major and medium projects has increased by almost 29 times (from Rs. 1200 per ha. during the First Plan to Rs. 35081 during the Seventh Plan). while it is 10 times in the case <strong>of</strong> minor irrigation projects (from Rs. 691 to Rs. 7331 during the same period). H The oUllay ,HI irrigallnll \\hich cl)nstituted 23 per cent nf the t,)lal Plan outlay in the First Plan has declined to 10 per (ent in the Sixth Plan. 7.6 per (ent in the Seventh Plan and 7.5 per cent in the Ei"dlth Plan. This decline in public i'1\CSllllelit in irrigation sub ,,-,clor has be(l)nIC a Illajnr Sl\llrCe ,)f debale in vie\\ <strong>of</strong> the IIIlj1I""llllilS that would have on the CXl
Page 1 and 2: , ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
Page 3 and 4: DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
Page 5 and 6: I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
Page 9 and 10: 4.9 Occupational Status of<
Page 11 and 12: 5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
Page 13 and 14: Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
Page 15 and 16: Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
Page 17 and 18: An attempt has been made in this ch
Page 19 and 20: among the people and the process <s
Page 21 and 22: the Indian state had followed a pol
Page 23: water harvesting 7 by arguing that
Page 27 and 28: Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
Page 29 and 30: One of the most im
Page 31 and 32: integrated development of</
Page 33 and 34: inadequate attention given to OFD w
Page 35 and 36: performance of irr
Page 37 and 38: created. According to the Central W
Page 39 and 40: 7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
Page 41 and 42: competent and responsible agency wi
Page 43 and 44: physiographic conditions of
Page 45 and 46: (14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
Page 47 and 48: interventions to improve the operat
Page 49 and 50: a summary of findi
Page 51 and 52: economic analysis of</stron
Page 53 and 54: een brought out by many scholars in
Page 55 and 56: While the economic benefits <strong
Page 57 and 58: sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
Page 59 and 60: such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
Page 61 and 62: the completion of
Page 63 and 64: of rainfed croppin
Page 65 and 66: areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
Page 67 and 68: investment In irrigation developmen
Page 69 and 70: Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
Page 71 and 72: highlighted the problems related to
Page 73 and 74: 2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
Page 75 and 76:
command area has reduced the labour
Page 77 and 78:
Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
Page 79 and 80:
y the CADA have led to low producti
Page 81 and 82:
agents as against 90 per cent or mo
Page 83 and 84:
among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
Page 87 and 88:
unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
Page 91 and 92:
1) The maIn activity being undertak
Page 93 and 94:
which are unique in several ways, t
Page 95 and 96:
across the states in different agro
Page 97 and 98:
and social setting In which a proje
Page 99 and 100:
The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
Page 103 and 104:
understand the problems related to
Page 105 and 106:
of the crop produc
Page 107 and 108:
greater differences between the the
Page 109 and 110:
Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
Page 111 and 112:
specific promotional programmes und
Page 113 and 114:
Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
Page 119 and 120:
'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
Page 121 and 122:
strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
Page 127 and 128:
Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
Page 141 and 142:
The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
Page 147 and 148:
Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
Page 163 and 164:
in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
Page 175 and 176:
ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
Page 177 and 178:
The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
Page 181 and 182:
eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
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The overall scenario suggests that
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project, they tend to undertake yie
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the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
Page 197 and 198:
5.15). The table indicates that the
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place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
Page 203 and 204:
Let us now examIne the intensity <s
Page 205 and 206:
Cost escalation due to arbitration
Page 207 and 208:
Another source of
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process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
Page 215 and 216:
ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
Page 217 and 218:
ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
Page 219 and 220:
Chapter 6 Economics of</str
Page 221 and 222:
conditions of the
Page 223 and 224:
Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
Page 227 and 228:
Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
Page 233 and 234:
Besides. it has been reported that
Page 235 and 236:
I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
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possible in these lands during Khar
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Hence. it may be argued that since
Page 243 and 244:
It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
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project. where it is very high at R
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proper coordination between variOUS
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deficiencies that help drawing less
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conjunctive use of
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3) Again. due to the high density <
Page 255 and 256:
Table 6.13: Details of</str
Page 257 and 258:
doubts about the senousness <strong
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practice IS more conspIcuous In the
Page 261 and 262:
2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
Page 263 and 264:
large holders have spent two to thr
Page 265 and 266:
Farming is considered mostly as a s
Page 267 and 268:
The profitability
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noticed in the case of</str
Page 271 and 272:
The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
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· 13 Bank assistance programme and
Page 275 and 276:
etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
Page 277 and 278:
Table 6.22: Status of</stro
Page 279 and 280:
Though almost all the farmers repor
Page 281 and 282:
3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
Page 283 and 284:
The net income from vegetables and
Page 285 and 286:
Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
Page 287 and 288:
Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
Page 289 and 290:
It can be seen from the survey data
Page 291 and 292:
een made to examme as to how many f
Page 293 and 294:
a farmer to use water from the dist
Page 295 and 296:
The farmers were asked to reflect u
Page 297 and 298:
evamping needed to reorient the MCS
Page 299 and 300:
supplies. What is more interesting
Page 301 and 302:
the knowledge of i
Page 303 and 304:
All of the five ex
Page 305 and 306:
It is evident from the table that t
Page 307 and 308:
implications on the dynamics <stron
Page 309 and 310:
competitive monocropl2 as no other
Page 311 and 312:
of conversion thro
Page 313 and 314:
involving farmers as active members
Page 315 and 316:
The viability of p
Page 317 and 318:
factors l8 . As a result. the agric
Page 319 and 320:
The rise in price of</stron
Page 321 and 322:
may be observed that the canal seep
Page 323 and 324:
process of paddy l
Page 325 and 326:
Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
Page 327 and 328:
The technical constraints In the de
Page 329 and 330:
2) Lack of irrigat
Page 331 and 332:
manure or fertilisers are also do n
Page 333 and 334:
according to the conventional basin
Page 335 and 336:
Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
Page 337 and 338:
The pattern of act
Page 339 and 340:
eported by CADA of
Page 341 and 342:
Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
Page 343 and 344:
d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
Page 345 and 346:
all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
Page 347 and 348:
irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
Page 349 and 350:
comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
Page 351 and 352:
time lag involved in completion uf
Page 353 and 354:
the state has increased by about 46
Page 355 and 356:
cultivation of com
Page 357 and 358:
through the effective implementatiC
Page 359 and 360:
een the highest in Kallada project
Page 361 and 362:
It was noticed that among the vario
Page 363 and 364:
The institutional paradigm evolved
Page 365 and 366:
of India to be rel
Page 367 and 368:
economically viable. This underscor
Page 369 and 370:
The intensity and spread of
Page 371 and 372:
of allocation and
Page 373 and 374:
shows that filed realities have not
Page 375 and 376:
as water management related factors
Page 377 and 378:
labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380:
Given the dynamics, problems and co
Page 381 and 382:
ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384:
Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386:
Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388:
Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390:
Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392:
Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394:
Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398:
Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400:
Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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