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the lowest with only 17 per cent. Among the projects, Malampuzha had received the lions share <strong>of</strong> the financial allocation, ie., 30 per cent, followed by Pothundv (14.69 %) and Peechi (14.63 %) projects. Among the nine projects, the share <strong>of</strong> Peechi irrigation project m the estimated cost <strong>of</strong> revamping and consolidation works out to be 14 per cent. The important works visualised as part <strong>of</strong> the programme are ShOV.ll in table 6.14. Table 6.14: Works taken up in the Peechi project as part orthe Revamping and Consolidation Programme (1998-99 to 2000-01). Nature <strong>of</strong> work Distance Outlay No. <strong>of</strong> works undertaken covered (Krns.) (Rs. Lakhs) Strengthening the canals 34 (318) 11.65 (17.2) 149.55 (310) Canal lining to prevent seepage 63 (589) 13.05 (52.8) 225.95 (.168) Other works 10 (93) ---...-- 107.5 (22.2) , I Total I 107 (lOUD) 24.7 (lOaD) • 483 (i OU 0) I SOff:: ParenthetIc ligures - are respectIve percentages. S{)urce. GOK (1997c): Report <strong>of</strong> the Revamping and Consolidation Programme. Peechi Irrigation Project. As is evident, canal lining was the mam activity under the programme taken up by the CADA in the Peechi project. For instance, 47 per cent <strong>of</strong> the total outlay I\as for canal lining. Ne\t important item was strengthening <strong>of</strong> canal bunds ~ll1d structures. This is a welcome tn:nd by which farmers get motivated to take up OFD works. when the supply <strong>of</strong> water becomes more reliable after the rehabilitation <strong>of</strong> tile system. However, since the prugramme was taken up only recently, its impact on water usc efticiency and productil'ity <strong>of</strong> crops is yet to be evaluated. It appears to be a good beginning to improv
doubts about the senousness <strong>of</strong> the efforts to reorient the Irrigation schemes. particularly. in the context <strong>of</strong> changing cropping pattern. It appears that the irrigation bureaucracy tries to explore new ways by which rent seeking and nepotism could be perpetuated. Keeping the status <strong>of</strong> OFO in the irrigation projects <strong>of</strong> Kerala in general as discussed above as backdrop. we will now present the results <strong>of</strong> the survey conducted in the two projects. namely. Peechi and Kallada irrigation projects. The OFO works carried out in the two irrigation projects as mentioned earlier are distinctly different in terms <strong>of</strong> technology. type and scope. The adoption <strong>of</strong> OFO in the Peechi irrigation command is influenced to a greater extent by the intensitv <strong>of</strong> groundwater recharge caused by seepage from the canals. Whereas. in the Kallada project. the Minor Conveyance System I MCS) meant for reducing conveyance losses <strong>of</strong> water in an undulating topography. have different implications on OFO. A detailed discussion on the impact <strong>of</strong> OFO in respect <strong>of</strong> both the irrigation systems is attempted in the following section. II. The impact <strong>of</strong> OFD: Peechi and Kallada Irrigation projects 6.2.1 Peechi Irrigation Project As already stated. due to a wide range <strong>of</strong> oper3tion31 constraints. the adoption <strong>of</strong> OFO works at the farm level has been very limited in scale and intensity. The farmers. by and large. have understood OFO as merely levelling the land by filling the gullies and other depressions on the field and providing earthen channels before the release <strong>of</strong> water. The secular decline in the size <strong>of</strong> operational holdings and uncertainty in getting timely and adequate supply <strong>of</strong> 240
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
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in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
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ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
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The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
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eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
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The overall scenario suggests that
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project, they tend to undertake yie
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the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
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5.15). The table indicates that the
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place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
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Let us now examIne the intensity <s
Page 205 and 206: Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Page 215 and 216: ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
Page 217 and 218: ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
Page 219 and 220: Chapter 6 Economics of</str
Page 221 and 222: conditions of the
Page 223 and 224: Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
Page 225 and 226: and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
Page 227 and 228: Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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Page 231 and 232: per cent achievement in physical te
Page 233 and 234: Besides. it has been reported that
Page 235 and 236: I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
Page 237 and 238: ~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
Page 239 and 240: possible in these lands during Khar
Page 241 and 242: Hence. it may be argued that since
Page 243 and 244: It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
Page 245 and 246: project. where it is very high at R
Page 247 and 248: proper coordination between variOUS
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Page 253 and 254: 3) Again. due to the high density <
Page 255: Table 6.13: Details of</str
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Page 263 and 264: large holders have spent two to thr
Page 265 and 266: Farming is considered mostly as a s
Page 267 and 268: The profitability
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Page 271 and 272: The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
Page 273 and 274: · 13 Bank assistance programme and
Page 275 and 276: etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
Page 277 and 278: Table 6.22: Status of</stro
Page 279 and 280: Though almost all the farmers repor
Page 281 and 282: 3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
Page 283 and 284: The net income from vegetables and
Page 285 and 286: Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
Page 287 and 288: Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
Page 289 and 290: It can be seen from the survey data
Page 291 and 292: een made to examme as to how many f
Page 293 and 294: a farmer to use water from the dist
Page 295 and 296: The farmers were asked to reflect u
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Page 299 and 300: supplies. What is more interesting
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Page 303 and 304: All of the five ex
Page 305 and 306: It is evident from the table that t
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implications on the dynamics <stron
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competitive monocropl2 as no other
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of conversion thro
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involving farmers as active members
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The viability of p
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factors l8 . As a result. the agric
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The rise in price of</stron
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may be observed that the canal seep
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process of paddy l
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Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
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The technical constraints In the de
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2) Lack of irrigat
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manure or fertilisers are also do n
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according to the conventional basin
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Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
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The pattern of act
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eported by CADA of
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Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
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d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
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all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
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irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
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comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
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time lag involved in completion uf
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the state has increased by about 46
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cultivation of com
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through the effective implementatiC
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een the highest in Kallada project
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It was noticed that among the vario
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The institutional paradigm evolved
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of India to be rel
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economically viable. This underscor
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The intensity and spread of
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of allocation and
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shows that filed realities have not
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as water management related factors
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labour intensive farming operations
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Given the dynamics, problems and co
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ground realities associated with cr
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Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
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Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
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Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
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Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
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Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
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Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
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GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
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Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
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Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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