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Central Board <strong>of</strong> Irrigation and Power (CBIP) (2000): Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the Workshop on Dam Safety. Including Instrumentation <strong>of</strong> Dams, held at Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, during 15-17 November 2000. Chackacherry, George (1990): 'Need for Farmer Participation in Irrigation Management: Experiences from Kerala', Kerala Science Congress, 1990, Trivandrum. Cotton, Lt., Gen. Sir. Arthur (1874): Lectures on irigation Works in india, delivered at the School <strong>of</strong> Military Engineering, Chatham, Autumn Session, Uddaraju Raman, Wijayawada. FAO (1991): 'Improved Irrigation System Performance for Sustainable Agriculture', Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the Regional Workshop, Food and Agriculture Organisation, Bangkok, October 1990. Habib, Irfan (1970): 'Presidential address', Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the Indian History Congress (31 51 Session, Varanasi, 1961), Indian History Congress, Patna. Jacob, T.A, (1990): 'Rotation System <strong>of</strong> Irrigation', Workshop on Constraints in ('ommand Area Development, Thrissur, Kerala. Johnston, S.H., D.L. Vermillion and J.A. Sagardy (1995): 'Irrigation Management Transfer', Selected Papers from the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer. Wuhan. China, September 1994,llMI. Colombo and FAO, Rome. Padhi, G.N. and A.R. Suryavanshi (1982): 'Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Water Distribution Method <strong>of</strong> Left Salawa Distributory <strong>of</strong> Upper Ganga Canal System', In: Indian Water Resources Society, Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the Workshop on Water Distrihution Practices, Roorke, July 2-3, pp. 23-34. Patil, R.K. and S.N, Lele (1995): 'Irrigation Management Transfer: Problems in Implementation', In Johnston, S.H.; DL Vermillion and J.A. Sagardy (eds.), Irrigation Management Transfer, Selected Papers from the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, China, September 1994, IIML Colombo and F AO, Rome. RadhakflShnan, V (1983): 'Economics <strong>of</strong> Paddy Cultivation and its Impact on Production', A papcr presented at the Seminar on Stagnation <strong>of</strong> Rice Production in Kerala, July 1-3, Collegc <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Vellayani, Trivandrum. Rao, C.H. Hanumantha (1997): . Agricultural Growth, Sustainability and Poverty Alleviation in India: Recent Trends and Major Issues <strong>of</strong> Reform', paper presented on December 10, 1997 at International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, D.C. Thomas, E.K, P Indiradevi, and K. Jessy Thomas, (1992): 'Variability <strong>of</strong> Cooperative Credit: An Analysis <strong>of</strong> Crop Loans in Trichur District', Dept. <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Economics, Kerala Agricultural University. 382
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian Agricultural Problem, 1900-1950: Land, Lfabour and Capital', paper presented at the 12th European Conference on Modern South Asian Studies, Berlin. Vaidyallathan, A (1987): ' India's Agricultural Development in a Regional Perspective', R.C. DUff Memorial Lectures, Varadan, K.M., K. Madhavachandran, E.J. Joseph, and M. Jayakumar (1989): 'Impact <strong>of</strong> Irrigation on the Cropping Pattern in the Command area <strong>of</strong> Kuttiadi Irrigation Project: A Case Study'. National Seminar on Socio Economic and Environmental Impact <strong>of</strong> Water Resources Projects, Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (CWRDM), Calicut. Viswanathan, P. K. (1997): . Irrigation Projects in Kerala: a Review <strong>of</strong> Past Performance and Future Prospects'. A Paper Presented in the Dr. TN Krishnan Memorial Seminar. 'Development <strong>of</strong> Kerala in a Comparative Setting, held at Centre for Development Studies, Trivandrum during 7-9, September. Viswanathan, P. K. (2000): 'Infrastructure Development and Public Water Institutions: The Case <strong>of</strong> Irrigation Projects in Kerala', Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the International Symposium on Development Policies for the New Millennium, held at thc Indira Gandhi Institute <strong>of</strong> Development Research (IGIDR), Mumbai, 12-14 July. Viswanathan, P.K. (1999): 'Functioning <strong>of</strong> Informal Water Institutions: Implications on Sustainability <strong>of</strong> Resources Use and Farming Systems', Paper presented at the First Biellllial COllference <strong>of</strong> the Indian Society for Ecological Economics, held at thc Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore, December 20-22. Wade, Robert (1985): 'On the Sociology <strong>of</strong> Irrigation: How do We Know the Truth about Canal Irrigation'. A Discussion Paper, Report No. APU 37, Research Unit, Agriculture and Rural Development Department, Operational Policy Staff, World Bank, May. VI. M.PhiLl Ph.D. Dissertations Babu, K. Satheesh (1998): 'Institutional Credit Supply and Repayment Behaviour <strong>of</strong> Farmers in Kerala: A Policy Perspective'. An Unpublished Ph. D Dissertation Submitted to the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. Chackecherry, G. (1995): 'Farmers' Participation in Irrigation Management'. An Unpublished Ph. D. Dissertation Submitted to the Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala. Deepa. G.L (1994): . Industrial Crisis and Women Workers: A Study <strong>of</strong> Cashew Processing Industry in Kerala·. An Unpublished MPhii Dissertation Submitted to the Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, through the Centre for Development Studies. Thiruvanthapuram. 383
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
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in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
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ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
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The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
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eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
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The overall scenario suggests that
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project, they tend to undertake yie
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the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
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5.15). The table indicates that the
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place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
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Let us now examIne the intensity <s
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Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Another source of
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process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
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ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
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ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
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Chapter 6 Economics of</str
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conditions of the
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Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
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Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
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Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
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possible in these lands during Khar
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Hence. it may be argued that since
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It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
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project. where it is very high at R
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proper coordination between variOUS
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deficiencies that help drawing less
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conjunctive use of
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3) Again. due to the high density <
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Table 6.13: Details of</str
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doubts about the senousness <strong
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practice IS more conspIcuous In the
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2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
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large holders have spent two to thr
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Farming is considered mostly as a s
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The profitability
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noticed in the case of</str
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The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
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· 13 Bank assistance programme and
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etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
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Table 6.22: Status of</stro
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Though almost all the farmers repor
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3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
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The net income from vegetables and
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Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
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Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
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It can be seen from the survey data
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een made to examme as to how many f
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a farmer to use water from the dist
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The farmers were asked to reflect u
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evamping needed to reorient the MCS
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supplies. What is more interesting
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the knowledge of i
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All of the five ex
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It is evident from the table that t
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implications on the dynamics <stron
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competitive monocropl2 as no other
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of conversion thro
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involving farmers as active members
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The viability of p
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factors l8 . As a result. the agric
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The rise in price of</stron
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may be observed that the canal seep
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process of paddy l
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Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
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The technical constraints In the de
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2) Lack of irrigat
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manure or fertilisers are also do n
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according to the conventional basin
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Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
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The pattern of act
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eported by CADA of
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Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
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d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
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all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
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irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
Page 349 and 350: comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
Page 351 and 352: time lag involved in completion uf
Page 353 and 354: the state has increased by about 46
Page 355 and 356: cultivation of com
Page 357 and 358: through the effective implementatiC
Page 359 and 360: een the highest in Kallada project
Page 361 and 362: It was noticed that among the vario
Page 363 and 364: The institutional paradigm evolved
Page 365 and 366: of India to be rel
Page 367 and 368: economically viable. This underscor
Page 369 and 370: The intensity and spread of
Page 371 and 372: of allocation and
Page 373 and 374: shows that filed realities have not
Page 375 and 376: as water management related factors
Page 377 and 378: labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380: Given the dynamics, problems and co
Page 381 and 382: ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384: Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386: Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388: Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390: Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392: Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394: Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396: GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398: Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399: Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
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