The Individual, Auto/biography and History in South Africa

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At the National Historic Site’s Visitor Centre, visitors are also invited to participate in the promotion of King’s legacy, and in adding to King’s biography in the setting of Sweet Auburn. Brochures are distributed to young visitors at an educational ‘Discovery Centre’ with explanations of the nature of Jim Crow laws, reading lists on the history of the Civil Rights movement, and a list of organisations involved in antiracist work and peace activism. Young visitors are invited to “make Dr King’s dream come true” by pledging, in writing, to honour his life and non‐violent work, and committing themselves to “actively help to promote freedom, justice, and world peace”. As the federal agency with responsibility for administering and managing the site, and for “telling the story of Dr King, the Civil Rights Movement and the Sweet Auburn community”, the National Parks Service also initiated an oral history programme, locating Auburn Avenue residents with memories of the time of King’s youth as well as his adult years when he returned as the co‐pastor of Ebenezer. Information “that may not be widely known” would “expand the knowledge” of King’s life in the Sweet Auburn community. 98 Opposite the Visitor Centre on Auburn Avenue, Martin Luther King Jr’s body lies in a memorial gravesite consisting of the crypt, reflecting pool, eternal flame, chapel and courtyard. Alongside the tomb, also facing the Visitor Centre is the Martin Luther King Jr Centre for Nonviolent Social Change, Inc (The King Centre), which “continues Dr King’s work toward economic and social equality”. Founded in 1968 by King’s widow, Coretta Scott King, the Centre is headed by King’s younger son, Dexter Scott King. In addition to an exhibition which displays King’s various awards and focuses on King’s Gandhian influences, the King Centre coordinates a schedule of commemorative services, musical celebrations, book signings with Coretta Scott King, 98 See the following brochures and pamphlets from Martin Luther King, Jr National Historic Site, ‘Looking for Good Memories’ (Pamphlet, n.d.); ‘Oral History Interview Information’ (Reply Sheet, n.d.); see also the following brochures and pamphlets from the Martin Luther King, Jr National Historic Site Discovery Centre, ‘Sweet Auburn’ (Brochure and Map, n.d.); ‘Jim Crow Laws’ (Pamphlet, n.d.); ‘To Learn More … To Do More’ (Pamphlet, n.d.); ‘Make Dr. King’s dream come true’ (Pledge card, n.d.). 87
and “The Annual Salute to Greatness Awards Dinner” as part of its management of the King Holiday Observance. This is where the King Papers Project was initiated to facilitate the dissemination of information on King’s life and work. This project, directed by Stanford historian Clayborne Carson, developed as an authorised biographic project of collection, dissemination and publication, leading to the production of guides to King research, King’s collected papers (four volumes), a docudrama, a collection of sermons, and even a “posthumous autobiography”. Through Carson’s work, materials were released into the public domain under carefully chosen authority of the academy. The project also became one of biographical defence, to contain possible disgrace, as the research revealed evidence of large‐scale plagiarism in King’s scholarly writings. 99 The King Centre is also where the intellectual property dimensions of King’s words, voice and image were carefully managed on behalf of the King estate and the King family. In one of his first acts as president of the King Centre, Dexter King is reputed to have met with “the caretakers of Elvis’ image to learn how to market King like the King”. 100 Large fees were charged from authors and TV producers who wanted to reproduce or broadcast King’s speeches. King’s collected works were turned into the Centre’s most valuable asset, and a licensing deal was negotiated with Time Warner 99 Martin Luther King, Jr National Historic Site, ‘I Have a Dream’ (Brochure and Map, 1997); The King Centre, ‘2002 King Holiday Observance – Schedule of Events’ (Pamphlet, 2002); The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr (Warner Books, 1998) was created by Clayborne Carson as an effort “to assemble King’s dispersed autobiographical writings into a coherent narrative”. The notion of ‘autobiography’ here seems to have been more of a marketing decision and a claim on the authenticity of a text created by Carson, rather than one based on scholarly argument about self‐narration. See also Clayborne Carson, ‘Editing Martin Luther King, Jr: Political and Scholarly Issues’, in George Bornstein and Ralph G Williams (eds), Palimpsest: Editorial Theory in the Humanities (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993), pp 305‐316, where it is argued that King’s plagiarism “may have allowed him to avoid internalising the European‐American modes of thought that underlay the passages” and “may have been more effective than more original writings in allowing [him] to play his chosen role as an African‐American leader seeking to influence white Americans”. 100 David Plotz, ‘Content is King: Dexter King is a King for the ‘90s’, . Memphis, Tenessee, of course, is the home of the Elvis Industry, represented by Elvis Presley Enterprises Inc and with its home at the growing Graceland Complex, Presley’s home‐turned‐tourist‐ attraction. It consists of Graceland Plaza (with shops, a cinema and exhibits), a shopping centre (Graceland Shopping), the Heartbreak Hotel, Presley’s Graceland mansion home, and his gravesite, and constitutes a business empire centred on the musical legacy and posthumous celebrity of Elvis Presley. See Jim Patterson, ‘Elvis is still the king of rock’, Cape Argus, 12/8/02. 88
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The Individual, Auto/biography and
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation
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committee members selected me to ta
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements
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Authorship, individuation and the b
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ABBREVIATIONS AAC All‐African Con
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INTRODUCTION The research for this
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transformation in the Eastern Cape?
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South African society provided the
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manifest dishonesty. Through a case
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genealogy of biographic mediation w
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tribute to Tabata that Taylor const
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CHAPTER ONE AUTO/BIOGRAPHY, NARRATI
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self‐constitution and the “styl
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intercourse entailed in this metaph
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1930s, with decreasing institutiona
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psychological characteristics” wh
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entextualised in diverse ways”, c
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While all mankind may be the subjec
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life’ and career as the focus hav
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development, a “narrative of inte
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denies the centrality of the subjec
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story, creating a ‘transferential
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een backward‐looking. Their commu
Page 49 and 50: [w]e need to attend to the historic
Page 51 and 52: enacted, lived in particular conjun
Page 53 and 54: ‘representivity’ would constitu
Page 55 and 56: through particular enunciative stra
Page 57 and 58: ones. 114 Modernity gave rise to li
Page 59 and 60: These, in turn, have a profound eff
Page 61 and 62: are also to be found in the ‘stor
Page 63 and 64: historian, personal and political,
Page 65 and 66: sites of the ‘memorial complex’
Page 67 and 68: These biographies of ‘great polit
Page 69 and 70: der Post family. 17 Even Bertolt Br
Page 71 and 72: While the limitations of Jones’ b
Page 73 and 74: and work had emphasised the serious
Page 75 and 76: accused Mother Teresa of promulgati
Page 77 and 78: Mother Teresa, “hoping some of he
Page 79 and 80: sainthood”, the amount of miracle
Page 81 and 82: This biographic world of saint vene
Page 83 and 84: dared to be that person”. She “
Page 85 and 86: and popular circuits of exchange an
Page 87 and 88: institutions that make up the exhib
Page 89 and 90: participation in annual heroic comm
Page 91 and 92: Biographic memorial productions hav
Page 93 and 94: myths, while radio and television p
Page 95 and 96: the monument was removed during the
Page 97 and 98: about the past, as “political eli
Page 99: suggesting that use was merely made
Page 103 and 104: the use of his image”. 106 Moreov
Page 105 and 106: In this radical biographic interpre
Page 107 and 108: In addition to this standard biogra
Page 109 and 110: National Civil Rights Museum in Mem
Page 111 and 112: Although Mao’s image had been use
Page 113 and 114: more varied … [and] far more exci
Page 115 and 116: esistance hero in general, of hope
Page 117 and 118: issues about image‐making and aut
Page 119 and 120: Lumumba who could stand in oppositi
Page 121 and 122: CHAPTER THREE RESISTANCE STUDIES AN
Page 123 and 124: in “a wide range of inventive pol
Page 125 and 126: marginalised, grassroots people [an
Page 127 and 128: Since the 1970s, the terrain of res
Page 129 and 130: In an obvious sense, these studies
Page 131 and 132: Under the conditions of deepening r
Page 133 and 134: Crucially, this feature found expre
Page 135 and 136: established through his professiona
Page 137 and 138: scepticism, 35 the use of this noti
Page 139 and 140: “glimpse into the inner mind of o
Page 141 and 142: Higgs and Steven Gish also followed
Page 143 and 144: understand the background, politica
Page 145 and 146: national and land questions” conc
Page 147 and 148: Higgs’ study was largely a chrono
Page 149 and 150: South Africans to protest against t
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In these traditional ‘masculinist
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1980s in South African scholarship,
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academic institutions involved in t
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struggles over municipal controls d
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that during the 1950s, a period see
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away from biographic images of cons
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orthography with “self‐appointe
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middle section had vacillated. Anot
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Biography has also been a vehicle f
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After collecting oral testimony fro
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and ‘jumping the fence’ led to
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whose value depended on their accur
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(probably Nkadimeng) in a resettlem
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determine the voice and style in wh
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memory into a written academic prod
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Biography for social history was a
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esistance history sought to provide
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and La Hausse were completed by sch
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consciousness, conversations, and/o
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A foray into biography in the work
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ceased to be the major site for the
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study did not go far enough in the
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continued political role”. It was
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In exploring these issues of image,
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While Clingman’s study has posed
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state they contested”, as the col
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focusing on the creation of systems
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and survival against the onslaught
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and reconciliation in South Africa.
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accustomed to clear hierarchies bet
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South African public history. This
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unifier and a liberator of the mind
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these ways, the Mayibuye Centre was
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together, these booklets attempted
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Biography also provided the basis o
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As part of these transformations, M
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leader, Bill Andrews. 58 Written fr
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It is this biographic impetus which
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the post‐apartheid present, and t
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Ngcelwane, whose family had had bee
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of softnesses and roughnesses” of
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extended to other arenas of public
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These images of the Business Day re
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once stood in central Pretoria, was
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declared a national monument on 12
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University’s Mark Haywood felt th
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Ministry of Water Affairs and Fores
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to the present. This project would
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was missed to develop a complex her
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contemplation and celebration were
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Morris Isaacson High School, Regina
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The Museum was really inaugurated,
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through biographic presentation. Bu
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2003. Thabo Mbeki expressed the poi
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In contrast, Ronnie Kasrils, Modise
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narratives and moral trajectories o
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visual terms as part of a president
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especially one who had been a long
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applications had to make a biograph
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In April 2003, the Nelson Mandela F
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ooklet was organised as a chronolog
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single sitting”. 191 However, it
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In 1999, Anthony Sampson, who had b
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eating breakfast and even shaving a
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(Mandela’s birth place), on the b
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“triumph of the human spirit”,
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sought to contest the tendency for
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deepening in Robben Island’s cult
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follow the advice of Anthony Sampso
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was asked to speak about the accuse
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new conditions of exile was the con
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importance of relations of cultural
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construction of Nelson Mandela has
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iography in public and commercial s
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artist, Jacob Khumalo, who had exhi
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epresentatives on the Nelson Mandel
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eliance, self‐respect and self‐
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PART TWO BEYOND MODERNIST HISTORY:
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marginality. Among the materials in
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Gradually, in drips and drabs, the
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While Fort Hare in the Eastern Cape
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for the field of political biograph
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microfilm collection contained a su
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and Karis may have received from Ta
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and reserve dwellers, arguing that
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Indeed, in this genealogy, the most
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and was conducted as part of a wide
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In making these assessments, Hirson
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policy that had envisaged redivided
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formation of APDUSA in January 1961
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“effectively … smashed within t
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opportunities that presented themse
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and verbal performances, which have
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political leadership was exercised
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CHAPTER SIX FROM COLLECTIVE LEADERS
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special protest meetings in convene
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upture was coming to a head, when h
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principles”. 18 Another aspect of
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included on the back cover of such
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political training did not take pla
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pertinent to the themes of this cha
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cause, rather than the leader”. T
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341
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343
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345
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347
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asic passport‐type pen picture sa
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their prominent placement in public
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353
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of individualised leadership may ha
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political positions which rejected
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interesting that Taylor’s first w
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handwriting, which had been prepare
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ehabilitation. 96 This did not stop
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ooted in the past”, he suggested,
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During 1949 and 1950, amid mounting
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“colour and strength” were impo
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Elsewhere on the left, Tabata’s b
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occurred in which Tabata was subjec
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Tabata, as an individual, bore a po
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making them “more careful about w
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teachers qualified to speak on matt
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Education for Barbarism marked Taba
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fulfil the same function” as ‘T
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state of anonymity to their true st
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of persecution and state harassment
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While Tabata’s presidency may hav
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final choice between the subterfuge
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circulated as the embodiment of its
Page 409 and 410:
CHAPTER SEVEN DORA TAYLOR AND THE N
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Soon after Tabata arrived in Cape T
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historical understandings, Taylor
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was “tolerably easy”. In fact,
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her text had been “written in its
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the eastern Cape about which she wr
Page 421 and 422:
While she was writing The Rôle of
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out of the strains and pressures of
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who were involved in the movement c
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moved into Gool’s newly rented ho
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off by expressing his “envy” of
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They had a full life and she a full
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emotional and sexual desires as the
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Fashioning Tabata’s biography Vir
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continued to rework and re‐edit T
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us”. Goolam Gool, he had argued,
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political practice”. Tabata assur
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Nine that the AAC and Unity Movemen
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authored pamphlets aimed at “clar
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production of I.B. Tabata made a mi
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political work in the movement, in
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political leadership. By that time,
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unleashing different forms of biogr
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their political exchanges. 9 Later,
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where “fierce debates and discuss
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education as well as mechanisms of
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identification”. This identity cl
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need for leadership”. Tabata invi
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Likewise, concepts of strategic val
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was also invited to join along with
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fundamental and genuine manner and
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them. Sihlali’s presidentship of
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expressed had been “essentially h
Page 475 and 476:
By the 1950s, increased internal bl
Page 477 and 478:
way of their own greatness?” 76 A
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“suspended” from the movement,
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Thereafter, Alexander and his comra
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“mounting to a climax”. Jane Go
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From around 1960, leaders of the Un
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The movement’s ‘architect’ al
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with the other liberation movements
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The ADC was a means of Tabata “ri
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ureaucratic abuse and of trying to
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econstituted APDUSA represented an
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NUM. They found instead a hostility
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significance of deceased ‘heroes
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A man … surrounded by a sea of pe
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and Alie and Ursula Fataar had assi
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491
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in “his contribution” to the li
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Almost unexpectedly, at his funeral
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497
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community of Lesseyton interred one
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The final entry of Tabata’s body
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heritage sites and collections. I w
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discovered heritage constructions o
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national heritage, even when those
Page 523 and 524:
elevant information from my researc
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disrespectful. And the fact that th
Page 527 and 528:
what I offer here is more than a st
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(e) Central Archives Depot, Pretori
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Ilizwi leSizwe, Vol. 1, No 2, 18 Oc
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(b) Other Videos Hell’s Angel: Mo
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(f) CD‐Roms Nelson Mandela: The s
Page 537 and 538:
Hector Pieterson Memorial and Museu
Page 539 and 540:
7. INTERVIEWS AND RECORDINGS OF SPE
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William Beinart and Colin Bundy, Hi
Page 543 and 544:
Stephen Clingman, The Novels of Nad
Page 545 and 546:
Jurgen Habermas, The Structural Tra
Page 547 and 548:
Dominic LaCapra, Writing History, W
Page 549 and 550:
David Morley and Ken Worpole (eds),
Page 551 and 552:
James D Sexton (ed), Son of Tecum U
Page 553 and 554:
Susan G Wynne (Compiler), South Afr
Page 555 and 556:
Elizabeth S Cohen, ‘Court Testimo
Page 557 and 558:
Brian Elliot, ‘Biography, Family
Page 559 and 560:
Baruch Hirson, ‘Ruth Schechter: F
Page 561 and 562:
Desiree Lewis, ‘Winnie Mandela: T
Page 563 and 564:
Bill Nasson, ‘A Sharecropper’s
Page 565 and 566:
Hilary Sapire, ‘African Political
Page 567 and 568:
Dora Taylor, ‘They Speak of Afric
Page 569 and 570:
Kwame Anthony Appiah, ‘Cosmopolit
Page 571 and 572:
Twentieth Century’, Paper present
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