The Individual, Auto/biography and History in South Africa

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Tina Smith and Ciraj Rassool, ‘History in Photographs at the District Six Museum’, in Ciraj Rassool and Sandra Prosalendis (eds), Recalling Community in Cape Town: Creating and Curating the District Six Museum, Cape Town: District Six Museum, 2001. Trevor J Smith, ‘The Collapse of the Lenin Personality Cult in Soviet Russia, 1985‐1995’, The Historian, No 60, Winter 1998. Noel Solani, ‘The Saint of the Struggle: Deconstructing the Mandela Myth’, Kronos, No 26, August 2000. B Somvinane (I.B. Tabata), ‘The Influx of Natives into Towns: What it means’, All African Convention (WP), May 1944. Peter Stanford, ‘Broadside fired against canonisation of the “Nazi” pope’, The Sunday Independent, 24 November 2002. Raymond Suttner, ‘Remembering Chris Hani’, The African Communist, No 136, First Quarter, 1994. Birgitta Svensson, ‘Lifetimes ‐ Life History and Life Story: Biographies of Modern Swedish Intellectuals’, Ethnologia Scandinavica, Vol. 25, 1995. Birgitta Svensson, ‘The Power of Biography: Criminal Policy, Prison Life, and the Formation of Criminal Identities in the Swedish Welfare State’, in Deborah E Reed‐Danahay (ed), Auto/Ethnography: Rewriting the Self and the Social, Oxford: Berg, 1997. Les Switzer and Ime Ukpanah, ‘Under Seige: Inkundla ya Bantu and the African Nationalist Movement, 1938‐1951’, in Les Switzer (ed), South Africa’s Alternative Press: Voices of Protest and Resistance, 1880‐1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). I.B. Tabata, ‘The Rehabilitation Scheme: “the new fraud”’ (All African Convention Committee, Cape Town, December 1945). I.B. Tabata, ‘The Boycott as Weapon of Struggle’ (All African Convention Committee (W.P.), Cape Town, June 1952). Oliver Tambo, ‘Introduction’ in Nelson Mandela, No Easy Walk To Freedom, (Edited, with a Foreword by Ruth First), London: African Writers Series, Heinemann Educational Books, 1973 (first published in 1965). Dora Taylor, ‘War and Ourselves: The Road to Peace’, Trek, 31 August 1939. Dora Taylor, ‘When are Politics not Politics’, Trek, 28 September 1939. Dora Taylor, ‘Women and Fascism’, Trek, 1 February 1940. Dora Taylor, ‘Is Our Education..?’, Trek, 19 December 1940. Dora Taylor, ‘What Have We Done for Democracy?’, Trek, 2 January 1941. Dora Taylor, ‘Education for Democracy’, Trek, 16 January 1941. Dora Taylor, ‘The Proper Goose for Propaganda’, Trek, 27 February 1941. Dora Taylor, ‘Facts and Fancies in Education’, Trek, 18 July 1941. Dora Taylor, ‘Our Colonial Complex’, Trek, 21 November 1941. Dora Taylor, ‘Olive Schreiner – A Challenge to Today I ‐ IV’, Trek, 30 January 1942 ‐ 13 March 1942. 552
Dora Taylor, ‘They Speak of Africa I – VI, Trek, 22 May 1942 – 31 July 1942. Dora Taylor, ‘Africans Speak I ‐ II’, Trek, 28 August 1942 – 11 September 1942. Dora Taylor, ‘Can Afrikaans Survive?’, Trek, 14 January 1944. Dora Taylor, ‘Ivory Towers: New Models I ‐ II’, Trek, 5 May 1944 – 19 May 1944. Cornelius Thomas, ‘Definitive Biography’, Daily Dispatch, 13 May 2000. Paul Thompson, ‘Life Histories and the Analysis of Social Change’, in Daniel Bertaux (ed), Biography and Society: The Life History Approach in the Social Sciences, Beverley Hills: Sage, 1981. Margo Timm, ‘Transpositions: The Reinterpretation of Colonial Photographs of the Kwanyama King Mandume ya Ndemufayo in the Art of John Ndevasia Muafangejo’, in Wolfram Hartmann, Jeremy Silvester and Patricia Hayes (eds), The Colonising Camera: Photographs in the Making of Namibian History, Cape Town: UCT Press, 1998. Norman Traub, ‘I.B. Tabata’ (Obituary), The Independent, 3 November 1990. Mathatha Tsedu, ‘Bizarrely, Mbeki snubs his old comrades and praises a stooge’, Sunday Times, 29 June 2003. Mathatha Tsedu, ‘A reminder to rekindle a true memory of Africa’s heritage’, Sunday Times, 21 September 2003. Lucia van der Post, ‘My father, the storyteller’, Sunday Times Lifestyle, 18 November 2001. Charles van Onselen, ‘The Reconstruction of a Rural Life from Oral Testimony: Critical Notes on the Methodology Employed in the Study of a Black south African Sharecropper’, Journal of Peasant Studies, Vol. 20, no 3, April 1993. Deon van Tonder, ‘From Mausoleum to Museum: Revisiting Public History at the Inauguration of MuseumAfrica, Newtown’, South African Historical Journal, No 31, November 1994. Robin Wagner‐Pacifici and Barry Schwartz, ‘The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: Commemorating a Difficult Past’, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 97, No 2, September 1991. Bob Wake, ‘Brecht and Company: A Review’ (). Genevieve Walker, ‘A Memorial to Enoch Mankanyi Sontonga’, in International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) National Committee, Monuments and Sites: South Africa, Colombo, Sri Lanka: ICOMOS, 1996. Gershwin Wannenburg, ‘Guguletu Seven insulted’, Sunday Times Metro, 29 October 2000. Carol A Wells, ‘Preface’, in David Kunzle, Che Guevara: Icon, Myth, and Message, Los Angeles: UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History and Centre for the Study of Political Graphics, 1997. Matt Wells, ‘Revolutionary spirit not spirits’, Mail and Guardian 11 – 17 August, 2000. 553
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The Individual, Auto/biography and
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation
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committee members selected me to ta
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements
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Authorship, individuation and the b
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ABBREVIATIONS AAC All‐African Con
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INTRODUCTION The research for this
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transformation in the Eastern Cape?
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South African society provided the
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manifest dishonesty. Through a case
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genealogy of biographic mediation w
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tribute to Tabata that Taylor const
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CHAPTER ONE AUTO/BIOGRAPHY, NARRATI
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self‐constitution and the “styl
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intercourse entailed in this metaph
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1930s, with decreasing institutiona
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psychological characteristics” wh
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entextualised in diverse ways”, c
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While all mankind may be the subjec
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life’ and career as the focus hav
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development, a “narrative of inte
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denies the centrality of the subjec
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story, creating a ‘transferential
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een backward‐looking. Their commu
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[w]e need to attend to the historic
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enacted, lived in particular conjun
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‘representivity’ would constitu
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through particular enunciative stra
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ones. 114 Modernity gave rise to li
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These, in turn, have a profound eff
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are also to be found in the ‘stor
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historian, personal and political,
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sites of the ‘memorial complex’
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These biographies of ‘great polit
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der Post family. 17 Even Bertolt Br
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While the limitations of Jones’ b
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and work had emphasised the serious
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accused Mother Teresa of promulgati
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Mother Teresa, “hoping some of he
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sainthood”, the amount of miracle
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This biographic world of saint vene
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dared to be that person”. She “
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and popular circuits of exchange an
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institutions that make up the exhib
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participation in annual heroic comm
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Biographic memorial productions hav
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myths, while radio and television p
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the monument was removed during the
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about the past, as “political eli
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suggesting that use was merely made
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and “The Annual Salute to Greatne
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the use of his image”. 106 Moreov
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In this radical biographic interpre
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In addition to this standard biogra
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National Civil Rights Museum in Mem
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Although Mao’s image had been use
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more varied … [and] far more exci
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esistance hero in general, of hope
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issues about image‐making and aut
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Lumumba who could stand in oppositi
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CHAPTER THREE RESISTANCE STUDIES AN
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in “a wide range of inventive pol
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marginalised, grassroots people [an
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Since the 1970s, the terrain of res
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In an obvious sense, these studies
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Under the conditions of deepening r
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Crucially, this feature found expre
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established through his professiona
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scepticism, 35 the use of this noti
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“glimpse into the inner mind of o
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Higgs and Steven Gish also followed
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understand the background, politica
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national and land questions” conc
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Higgs’ study was largely a chrono
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South Africans to protest against t
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In these traditional ‘masculinist
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1980s in South African scholarship,
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academic institutions involved in t
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struggles over municipal controls d
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that during the 1950s, a period see
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away from biographic images of cons
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orthography with “self‐appointe
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middle section had vacillated. Anot
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Biography has also been a vehicle f
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After collecting oral testimony fro
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and ‘jumping the fence’ led to
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whose value depended on their accur
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(probably Nkadimeng) in a resettlem
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determine the voice and style in wh
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memory into a written academic prod
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Biography for social history was a
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esistance history sought to provide
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and La Hausse were completed by sch
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consciousness, conversations, and/o
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A foray into biography in the work
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ceased to be the major site for the
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study did not go far enough in the
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continued political role”. It was
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In exploring these issues of image,
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While Clingman’s study has posed
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state they contested”, as the col
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focusing on the creation of systems
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and survival against the onslaught
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and reconciliation in South Africa.
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accustomed to clear hierarchies bet
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South African public history. This
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unifier and a liberator of the mind
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these ways, the Mayibuye Centre was
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together, these booklets attempted
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Biography also provided the basis o
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As part of these transformations, M
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leader, Bill Andrews. 58 Written fr
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It is this biographic impetus which
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the post‐apartheid present, and t
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Ngcelwane, whose family had had bee
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of softnesses and roughnesses” of
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extended to other arenas of public
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These images of the Business Day re
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once stood in central Pretoria, was
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declared a national monument on 12
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University’s Mark Haywood felt th
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Ministry of Water Affairs and Fores
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to the present. This project would
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was missed to develop a complex her
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contemplation and celebration were
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Morris Isaacson High School, Regina
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The Museum was really inaugurated,
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through biographic presentation. Bu
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2003. Thabo Mbeki expressed the poi
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In contrast, Ronnie Kasrils, Modise
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narratives and moral trajectories o
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visual terms as part of a president
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especially one who had been a long
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applications had to make a biograph
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In April 2003, the Nelson Mandela F
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ooklet was organised as a chronolog
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single sitting”. 191 However, it
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In 1999, Anthony Sampson, who had b
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eating breakfast and even shaving a
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(Mandela’s birth place), on the b
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“triumph of the human spirit”,
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sought to contest the tendency for
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deepening in Robben Island’s cult
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follow the advice of Anthony Sampso
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was asked to speak about the accuse
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new conditions of exile was the con
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importance of relations of cultural
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construction of Nelson Mandela has
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iography in public and commercial s
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artist, Jacob Khumalo, who had exhi
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epresentatives on the Nelson Mandel
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eliance, self‐respect and self‐
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PART TWO BEYOND MODERNIST HISTORY:
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marginality. Among the materials in
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Gradually, in drips and drabs, the
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While Fort Hare in the Eastern Cape
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for the field of political biograph
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microfilm collection contained a su
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and Karis may have received from Ta
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and reserve dwellers, arguing that
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Indeed, in this genealogy, the most
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and was conducted as part of a wide
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In making these assessments, Hirson
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policy that had envisaged redivided
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formation of APDUSA in January 1961
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“effectively … smashed within t
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opportunities that presented themse
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and verbal performances, which have
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political leadership was exercised
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CHAPTER SIX FROM COLLECTIVE LEADERS
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special protest meetings in convene
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upture was coming to a head, when h
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principles”. 18 Another aspect of
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included on the back cover of such
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political training did not take pla
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pertinent to the themes of this cha
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cause, rather than the leader”. T
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341
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343
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345
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347
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asic passport‐type pen picture sa
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their prominent placement in public
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353
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of individualised leadership may ha
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political positions which rejected
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interesting that Taylor’s first w
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handwriting, which had been prepare
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ehabilitation. 96 This did not stop
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ooted in the past”, he suggested,
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During 1949 and 1950, amid mounting
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“colour and strength” were impo
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Elsewhere on the left, Tabata’s b
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occurred in which Tabata was subjec
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Tabata, as an individual, bore a po
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making them “more careful about w
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teachers qualified to speak on matt
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Education for Barbarism marked Taba
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fulfil the same function” as ‘T
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state of anonymity to their true st
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of persecution and state harassment
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While Tabata’s presidency may hav
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final choice between the subterfuge
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circulated as the embodiment of its
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CHAPTER SEVEN DORA TAYLOR AND THE N
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Soon after Tabata arrived in Cape T
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historical understandings, Taylor
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was “tolerably easy”. In fact,
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her text had been “written in its
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the eastern Cape about which she wr
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While she was writing The Rôle of
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out of the strains and pressures of
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who were involved in the movement c
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moved into Gool’s newly rented ho
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off by expressing his “envy” of
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They had a full life and she a full
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emotional and sexual desires as the
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Fashioning Tabata’s biography Vir
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continued to rework and re‐edit T
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us”. Goolam Gool, he had argued,
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political practice”. Tabata assur
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Nine that the AAC and Unity Movemen
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authored pamphlets aimed at “clar
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production of I.B. Tabata made a mi
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political work in the movement, in
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political leadership. By that time,
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unleashing different forms of biogr
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their political exchanges. 9 Later,
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where “fierce debates and discuss
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education as well as mechanisms of
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identification”. This identity cl
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need for leadership”. Tabata invi
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Likewise, concepts of strategic val
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was also invited to join along with
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fundamental and genuine manner and
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them. Sihlali’s presidentship of
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expressed had been “essentially h
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By the 1950s, increased internal bl
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way of their own greatness?” 76 A
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“suspended” from the movement,
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Thereafter, Alexander and his comra
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“mounting to a climax”. Jane Go
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From around 1960, leaders of the Un
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The movement’s ‘architect’ al
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with the other liberation movements
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The ADC was a means of Tabata “ri
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ureaucratic abuse and of trying to
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econstituted APDUSA represented an
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NUM. They found instead a hostility
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significance of deceased ‘heroes
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A man … surrounded by a sea of pe
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and Alie and Ursula Fataar had assi
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491
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in “his contribution” to the li
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Almost unexpectedly, at his funeral
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497
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community of Lesseyton interred one
Page 515 and 516: The final entry of Tabata’s body
Page 517 and 518: heritage sites and collections. I w
Page 519 and 520: discovered heritage constructions o
Page 521 and 522: national heritage, even when those
Page 523 and 524: elevant information from my researc
Page 525 and 526: disrespectful. And the fact that th
Page 527 and 528: what I offer here is more than a st
Page 529 and 530: (e) Central Archives Depot, Pretori
Page 531 and 532: Ilizwi leSizwe, Vol. 1, No 2, 18 Oc
Page 533 and 534: (b) Other Videos Hell’s Angel: Mo
Page 535 and 536: (f) CD‐Roms Nelson Mandela: The s
Page 537 and 538: Hector Pieterson Memorial and Museu
Page 539 and 540: 7. INTERVIEWS AND RECORDINGS OF SPE
Page 541 and 542: William Beinart and Colin Bundy, Hi
Page 543 and 544: Stephen Clingman, The Novels of Nad
Page 545 and 546: Jurgen Habermas, The Structural Tra
Page 547 and 548: Dominic LaCapra, Writing History, W
Page 549 and 550: David Morley and Ken Worpole (eds),
Page 551 and 552: James D Sexton (ed), Son of Tecum U
Page 553 and 554: Susan G Wynne (Compiler), South Afr
Page 555 and 556: Elizabeth S Cohen, ‘Court Testimo
Page 557 and 558: Brian Elliot, ‘Biography, Family
Page 559 and 560: Baruch Hirson, ‘Ruth Schechter: F
Page 561 and 562: Desiree Lewis, ‘Winnie Mandela: T
Page 563 and 564: Bill Nasson, ‘A Sharecropper’s
Page 565: Hilary Sapire, ‘African Political
Page 569 and 570: Kwame Anthony Appiah, ‘Cosmopolit
Page 571 and 572: Twentieth Century’, Paper present
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