The Individual, Auto/biography and History in South Africa

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Richard Werbner, ‘Smoke from the Barrel of a Gun: Postwars of the Dead, Memory and Reinscription in Zimbabwe’, in Richard Werbner (ed), Memory and the Postcolony: African Anthropology and the Critique of Power, London: Zed Books, 1998. Alan Wieder, ‘They Can’t Take Our Souls: Teachers’ League of South Africa Reflections of Apartheid’, Race, Ethnicity and Education, Vol. 4, no. 2, 2001. Brian Willan, ‘Sol Plaatje, De Beers and an Old Tram Shed: Class Relations and Social Control in a South African Town, 1918‐1919’, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 4, no 2, April, 1978. Brian Willan, ‘An African in Kimberley: Sol T Plaatje, 1894‐1898’, in Shula Marks and Richard Rathbone (eds), Industrialisation and Social Change in South Africa: African Class Formation, Culture and Consciousness 1870‐1930, London: Longman, 1982. Juan Williams, ‘I May Not Get There With You’, Black Issues Book Review, 1 July 2000. Edwin N Wilmsen, ‘Primitive Politics in Sanctified Landscapes: The Ethnographic Fictions of Laurens van der Post’, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 21, No 2, June 1995. Leslie Witz and Ciraj Rassool, ‘The Dog, the Rabbit and the Reluctant Historians’, South African Historical Journal, No. 27, November 1992. Leslie Witz, Ciraj Rassool and Gary Minkley, ‘Repackaging the Past for South African Tourism’, Daedalus, Vol. 130, No. 1, Winter 2001. Harold Wolpe, ‘Capitalism and Cheap Labour Power in South Africa: From Segregation to Apartheid’, Economy and Society, 1, 1972. David Wood, ‘Introduction: Interpreting Narrative’, in David Wood (ed), On Paul Ricoeur: Narrative and Interpretation, London: Routledge, 1991. Virginia Woolf, ‘The New Biography’, in Collected Essays, 4 Volumes, London: Hogarth, 1966/7, Vol. 4. John Yeld, ‘Plant trees for peace, says Kasrils’, Cape Argus, 1 September 1999. B Ywaye (I.B. Tabata), ‘We don’t want beer halls’, Trek, 24 October 1941. B Ywaye, ‘Commissioning Native Affairs’, Trek, 8 May 1942. B Ywaye, ‘From him that hath not’, Trek, 23 October 1942. B Ywaye, ‘The Native elections: a post‐mortem’, Trek, 20 November 1942. 11. DISSERTATIONS, THESES, SEMINAR AND CONFERENCE PAPERS, LECTURES, CONSERVATION PLANS, UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPTS AND NOTES Zuleiga Adams, ‘Memory, Imagination and Removal: Remembering and Forgetting District Six’, M.A. Mini‐thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2002. Mohamed Adhikari, ‘Hope, fear, shame, frustration: Continuity and change in the expression of Coloured identity in white supremacist South Africa, 1910‐1994’, unpublished Ph.D Dissertation, University of Cape Town, July 2002. 554
Kwame Anthony Appiah, ‘Cosmopolitan Patriots’, Africa Seminar, University of Cape Town, 24 March 1997. Colin Bundy, ‘Schooled for Life? The Early Years and Education of Govan Mbeki’, Paper presented at the Africa Seminar, University of Cape Town, 30 March 1994. Fran Buntman, ‘Politics and Secrets of Political Prisoner History’, Biennial Conference of the South African Historical Society, “Not Telling: Secrecy, Lies and History”, UWC, 11‐14 July 1999. Luli Callinicos, ‘Reinventing the ANC: The Shift to Armed Struggle and Oliver Tambo’s Role in Exile, 1961‐1964’ (mimeo, in author’s possession). See Luli Callinicos, ‘The Great Interpreter: Images of O R Tambo’, History Workshop Conference: Democracy: Popular Precedents Practice Culture, University of the Witwatersrand, 13‐15 July 1994. Stephen Clingman, ‘Biography and Representation: Some Analogies from Fiction’, History Workshop Conference, University of the Witwatersrand, February 1987. David William Cohen, ‘Silences of the Living; Orations of the Dead: Further Thoughts on the Production of History’, Paper presented to the Conference on The Future of the Past: The Production of History in a Changing South Africa, 10‐12 July 1996. Garrey Dennie, ‘The Cultural Politics of Burial in South Africa, 1884‐1990’, Ph.D dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, 1997. Anne Digby, ‘Victorian Values and Women in Public and Private’, History Department Postgraduate Seminar, University of the Western Cape, 25 August 1992. Luvuyo Dondolo, ‘The Construction of Public History and Tourist Destinations in Cape Town’s Townships: A Study of Routes, Sites and Heritage’, M.A. Mini‐thesis, UWC, 2002. Allison Drew, ‘Social Mobilisation and Racial Capitalism in South Africa, 1928‐1960’, Ph.D dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1991. Allison Drew, ‘Into the wilderness: The 1929 Communist Electoral Campaign in Thembuland’, Paper presented to the conference, The Eastern Cape: Historical Legacies and New Challenges, East London, 27‐30 August 2003. Alie Fataar, Address to the Memorial Meeting for Jane Gool, Athlone Civic Minor Hall, Cape Town, 18 May 1996. Lesley Freedman Townsend (for SAHRA), ‘Community‐based conservation management plan for places of cultural significance within the Thembu region of the Transkei/Eastern Cape, which are associated with the legacy of Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela and the surrounding community’ (Cape Town, c.2003). Roger Galant, ‘Tribute at I.B. Tabata’s Grave’ (Unpublished Text of Oration at Tombstone Unveiling, Lesseyton, 20 September 1995). Roy Gentle, ‘The NEUM in Historical Perspective’, B.Soc.Sci. Hons Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1978. 555
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The Individual, Auto/biography and
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation
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committee members selected me to ta
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements
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Authorship, individuation and the b
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ABBREVIATIONS AAC All‐African Con
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INTRODUCTION The research for this
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transformation in the Eastern Cape?
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South African society provided the
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manifest dishonesty. Through a case
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genealogy of biographic mediation w
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tribute to Tabata that Taylor const
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CHAPTER ONE AUTO/BIOGRAPHY, NARRATI
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self‐constitution and the “styl
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intercourse entailed in this metaph
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1930s, with decreasing institutiona
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psychological characteristics” wh
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entextualised in diverse ways”, c
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While all mankind may be the subjec
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life’ and career as the focus hav
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development, a “narrative of inte
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denies the centrality of the subjec
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story, creating a ‘transferential
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een backward‐looking. Their commu
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[w]e need to attend to the historic
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enacted, lived in particular conjun
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‘representivity’ would constitu
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through particular enunciative stra
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ones. 114 Modernity gave rise to li
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These, in turn, have a profound eff
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are also to be found in the ‘stor
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historian, personal and political,
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sites of the ‘memorial complex’
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These biographies of ‘great polit
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der Post family. 17 Even Bertolt Br
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While the limitations of Jones’ b
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and work had emphasised the serious
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accused Mother Teresa of promulgati
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Mother Teresa, “hoping some of he
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sainthood”, the amount of miracle
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This biographic world of saint vene
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dared to be that person”. She “
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and popular circuits of exchange an
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institutions that make up the exhib
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participation in annual heroic comm
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Biographic memorial productions hav
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myths, while radio and television p
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the monument was removed during the
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about the past, as “political eli
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suggesting that use was merely made
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and “The Annual Salute to Greatne
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the use of his image”. 106 Moreov
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In this radical biographic interpre
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In addition to this standard biogra
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National Civil Rights Museum in Mem
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Although Mao’s image had been use
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more varied … [and] far more exci
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esistance hero in general, of hope
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issues about image‐making and aut
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Lumumba who could stand in oppositi
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CHAPTER THREE RESISTANCE STUDIES AN
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in “a wide range of inventive pol
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marginalised, grassroots people [an
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Since the 1970s, the terrain of res
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In an obvious sense, these studies
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Under the conditions of deepening r
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Crucially, this feature found expre
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established through his professiona
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scepticism, 35 the use of this noti
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“glimpse into the inner mind of o
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Higgs and Steven Gish also followed
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understand the background, politica
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national and land questions” conc
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Higgs’ study was largely a chrono
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South Africans to protest against t
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In these traditional ‘masculinist
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1980s in South African scholarship,
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academic institutions involved in t
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struggles over municipal controls d
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that during the 1950s, a period see
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away from biographic images of cons
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orthography with “self‐appointe
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middle section had vacillated. Anot
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Biography has also been a vehicle f
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After collecting oral testimony fro
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and ‘jumping the fence’ led to
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whose value depended on their accur
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(probably Nkadimeng) in a resettlem
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determine the voice and style in wh
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memory into a written academic prod
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Biography for social history was a
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esistance history sought to provide
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and La Hausse were completed by sch
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consciousness, conversations, and/o
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A foray into biography in the work
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ceased to be the major site for the
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study did not go far enough in the
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continued political role”. It was
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In exploring these issues of image,
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While Clingman’s study has posed
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state they contested”, as the col
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focusing on the creation of systems
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and survival against the onslaught
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and reconciliation in South Africa.
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accustomed to clear hierarchies bet
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South African public history. This
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unifier and a liberator of the mind
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these ways, the Mayibuye Centre was
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together, these booklets attempted
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Biography also provided the basis o
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As part of these transformations, M
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leader, Bill Andrews. 58 Written fr
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It is this biographic impetus which
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the post‐apartheid present, and t
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Ngcelwane, whose family had had bee
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of softnesses and roughnesses” of
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extended to other arenas of public
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These images of the Business Day re
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once stood in central Pretoria, was
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declared a national monument on 12
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University’s Mark Haywood felt th
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Ministry of Water Affairs and Fores
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to the present. This project would
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was missed to develop a complex her
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contemplation and celebration were
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Morris Isaacson High School, Regina
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The Museum was really inaugurated,
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through biographic presentation. Bu
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2003. Thabo Mbeki expressed the poi
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In contrast, Ronnie Kasrils, Modise
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narratives and moral trajectories o
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visual terms as part of a president
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especially one who had been a long
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applications had to make a biograph
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In April 2003, the Nelson Mandela F
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ooklet was organised as a chronolog
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single sitting”. 191 However, it
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In 1999, Anthony Sampson, who had b
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eating breakfast and even shaving a
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(Mandela’s birth place), on the b
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“triumph of the human spirit”,
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sought to contest the tendency for
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deepening in Robben Island’s cult
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follow the advice of Anthony Sampso
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was asked to speak about the accuse
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new conditions of exile was the con
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importance of relations of cultural
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construction of Nelson Mandela has
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iography in public and commercial s
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artist, Jacob Khumalo, who had exhi
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epresentatives on the Nelson Mandel
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eliance, self‐respect and self‐
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PART TWO BEYOND MODERNIST HISTORY:
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marginality. Among the materials in
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Gradually, in drips and drabs, the
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While Fort Hare in the Eastern Cape
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for the field of political biograph
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microfilm collection contained a su
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and Karis may have received from Ta
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and reserve dwellers, arguing that
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Indeed, in this genealogy, the most
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and was conducted as part of a wide
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In making these assessments, Hirson
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policy that had envisaged redivided
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formation of APDUSA in January 1961
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“effectively … smashed within t
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opportunities that presented themse
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and verbal performances, which have
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political leadership was exercised
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CHAPTER SIX FROM COLLECTIVE LEADERS
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special protest meetings in convene
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upture was coming to a head, when h
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principles”. 18 Another aspect of
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included on the back cover of such
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political training did not take pla
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pertinent to the themes of this cha
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cause, rather than the leader”. T
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341
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343
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345
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347
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asic passport‐type pen picture sa
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their prominent placement in public
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353
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of individualised leadership may ha
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political positions which rejected
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interesting that Taylor’s first w
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handwriting, which had been prepare
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ehabilitation. 96 This did not stop
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ooted in the past”, he suggested,
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During 1949 and 1950, amid mounting
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“colour and strength” were impo
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Elsewhere on the left, Tabata’s b
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occurred in which Tabata was subjec
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Tabata, as an individual, bore a po
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making them “more careful about w
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teachers qualified to speak on matt
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Education for Barbarism marked Taba
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fulfil the same function” as ‘T
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state of anonymity to their true st
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of persecution and state harassment
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While Tabata’s presidency may hav
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final choice between the subterfuge
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circulated as the embodiment of its
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CHAPTER SEVEN DORA TAYLOR AND THE N
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Soon after Tabata arrived in Cape T
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historical understandings, Taylor
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was “tolerably easy”. In fact,
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her text had been “written in its
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the eastern Cape about which she wr
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While she was writing The Rôle of
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out of the strains and pressures of
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who were involved in the movement c
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moved into Gool’s newly rented ho
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off by expressing his “envy” of
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They had a full life and she a full
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emotional and sexual desires as the
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Fashioning Tabata’s biography Vir
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continued to rework and re‐edit T
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us”. Goolam Gool, he had argued,
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political practice”. Tabata assur
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Nine that the AAC and Unity Movemen
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authored pamphlets aimed at “clar
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production of I.B. Tabata made a mi
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political work in the movement, in
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political leadership. By that time,
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unleashing different forms of biogr
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their political exchanges. 9 Later,
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where “fierce debates and discuss
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education as well as mechanisms of
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identification”. This identity cl
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need for leadership”. Tabata invi
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Likewise, concepts of strategic val
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was also invited to join along with
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fundamental and genuine manner and
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them. Sihlali’s presidentship of
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expressed had been “essentially h
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By the 1950s, increased internal bl
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way of their own greatness?” 76 A
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“suspended” from the movement,
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Thereafter, Alexander and his comra
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“mounting to a climax”. Jane Go
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From around 1960, leaders of the Un
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The movement’s ‘architect’ al
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with the other liberation movements
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The ADC was a means of Tabata “ri
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ureaucratic abuse and of trying to
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econstituted APDUSA represented an
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NUM. They found instead a hostility
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significance of deceased ‘heroes
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A man … surrounded by a sea of pe
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and Alie and Ursula Fataar had assi
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491
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in “his contribution” to the li
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Almost unexpectedly, at his funeral
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497
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community of Lesseyton interred one
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The final entry of Tabata’s body
Page 517 and 518: heritage sites and collections. I w
Page 519 and 520: discovered heritage constructions o
Page 521 and 522: national heritage, even when those
Page 523 and 524: elevant information from my researc
Page 525 and 526: disrespectful. And the fact that th
Page 527 and 528: what I offer here is more than a st
Page 529 and 530: (e) Central Archives Depot, Pretori
Page 531 and 532: Ilizwi leSizwe, Vol. 1, No 2, 18 Oc
Page 533 and 534: (b) Other Videos Hell’s Angel: Mo
Page 535 and 536: (f) CD‐Roms Nelson Mandela: The s
Page 537 and 538: Hector Pieterson Memorial and Museu
Page 539 and 540: 7. INTERVIEWS AND RECORDINGS OF SPE
Page 541 and 542: William Beinart and Colin Bundy, Hi
Page 543 and 544: Stephen Clingman, The Novels of Nad
Page 545 and 546: Jurgen Habermas, The Structural Tra
Page 547 and 548: Dominic LaCapra, Writing History, W
Page 549 and 550: David Morley and Ken Worpole (eds),
Page 551 and 552: James D Sexton (ed), Son of Tecum U
Page 553 and 554: Susan G Wynne (Compiler), South Afr
Page 555 and 556: Elizabeth S Cohen, ‘Court Testimo
Page 557 and 558: Brian Elliot, ‘Biography, Family
Page 559 and 560: Baruch Hirson, ‘Ruth Schechter: F
Page 561 and 562: Desiree Lewis, ‘Winnie Mandela: T
Page 563 and 564: Bill Nasson, ‘A Sharecropper’s
Page 565 and 566: Hilary Sapire, ‘African Political
Page 567: Dora Taylor, ‘They Speak of Afric
Page 571 and 572: Twentieth Century’, Paper present
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