The Individual, Auto/biography and History in South Africa

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Steven D Gish, ‘Dr Alfred B Xuma and the Black Petty Bourgeoisie in South Africa, 1928‐ 1940’, Paper presented at the African Studies Association Annual Meeting, Seattle, 20‐23 November 1992. Steven D Gish, ‘Alfred B Xuma, 1893‐1962: African, American, South African’, Ph.D dissertation, Stanford University, July 1994. Carolyn Hamilton, Nsizwe Dlamini, Leslie Witz and Ciraj Rassool, ‘Production of History post‐1994’, The Cambridge History of South Africa Contributors’ Meeting, UCT, 10‐11 December 2002. Patricia Hayes, ‘Death and the King’s Historians: Mandume, South Africa and the Kwanyama, 1915‐1994’, Paper presented at the International Oral History Conference, New York, 17‐22 October 1994. John Peter Hendricks, ‘From Moderation to Militancy: A Study of African Leadership and Political Reactions in South Africa, 1936‐1960’, Ph.D dissertation, University of Michigan, 1983. John Hendricks, ‘The Significance of Albert Luthuli in the Struggle for Democracy in South Africa’ (Unpublished Paper, 1996). Catherine Anne Higgs, ‘The Ghost of Equality: D D T Jabavu and the Decline of South African Liberalism, 1885‐1959’, Ph.D dissertation, Yale University, 1993. Robin Kayser, ‘Land and Liberty!: The Non‐European Unity Movement and the Land Question, 1933‐1976’, M.A. Thesis, University of Cape Town, 2002. Robin Kayser and Mohamed Adhikari, ‘“Land and Liberty!”: The African People’s Democratic Union of Southern Africa during the 1960s’ (Typescript of article prepared for the ‘Road to Democracy’ Research Project of the South African Democracy Education Trust ‐ SADET). Paul la Hausse de Lalouviere, ‘Ethnicity and History in the Careers of Two Zulu Nationalists: Petros Lamula (c.1881‐1948) and Lymon Maling (1889‐c.1936)’, Ph.D dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand, July 1992. Joshua Lazerson, ‘Working against the Tide: White South Africans in the National Liberation Movement, 1942‐1964’, Ph.D dissertation, Northwestern University, June 1990. Nosipho Majeke, ‘The Dynamic of Revolution in South Africa’, unpublished pamphlet, c.1971. Xolela Mangcu, introductory remarks at Second Steve Biko Memorial Lecture, UCT, 13 September 2001. Manning Marable, ‘African Nationalist: The Life of John Langalibalele Dube’, Ph.D dissertation, University of Maryland, 1976. Zakes Mda, Second Steve Biko Memorial Lecture, UCT, 13 September 2001. Gary Minkey and Ciraj Rassool, ‘Oral History in South Africa: A Country Report’, Paper delivered to the International Conference on Oral History, Columbia University, New York, 18‐23 October 1994. Gary Minkley, Ciraj Rassool and Leslie Witz, ‘Thresholds, Gateways and Spectacles: Journeying through South African Hidden Pasts and Histories in the Last Decade of the 556
Twentieth Century’, Paper presented to the Conference on The Future of the Past: The Production of History in a Changing South Africa, 10‐12 July 1996. Michael Muskett, Untitled Notes on I.B. Tabata’s family history and early life (n.d). NAHECS, ‘Background document on the National Heritage and Cultural Studies Centre (NAHECS): Prepared for the NAHECS Workshop’, University of Fort Hare National Heritage and Cultural Studies Centre Strategic Workshop, Stutterheim, 8‐9 May 2003. Thiathu Nemutanzhela, ‘“Pulling Out Sticks and Removing White Stones from the Fields”: Memory of Resistance to Betterment in the Zoutpansberg’, Paper presented to the History Workshop Conference, Democracy: Popular Precedents Practice Culture, University of the Witwatersrand, 13‐15 July 1994. Tim Nuttall and John Wright, ‘Exploring beyond History with a Capital “H”’, South African and Contemporary History Seminar, University of the Western Cape, 8 October 1998. Thembeka Orie, ‘Raymond Mhlaba and the Genesis of the Congress Alliance: A Political Biography’, M.A. Thesis, University of Cape Town, April 1993. Donald Pinnock, ‘Writing Left: Ruth First and Radical South African Journalism in the 1950s’, Ph.D dissertation, Rhodes University, 1992. Ciraj Rassool, ‘Going Back to Our Roots: Aspects of Marxist and Radical Thought and Politics in South Africa, 1930‐1960’, M.A. Thesis, Northwestern University, 1987. Ciraj Rassool, ‘Introduction of Keynote Speaker, Baruch Hirson’, Marxist Theory Seminar Conference, Marxism in South Africa – Past, Present and Future, UWC, September 1991 Ciraj Rassool, ‘Notes on Gender in the Making of Isaac Bangani Tabata’, Journal of Southern African Studies 20th Anniversary Conference: Paradigms Lost, Paradigms Regained? Southern African Studies in the 1990s, University of York, 9‐11 September, 1994. Paul Rich, ‘Z.K. Matthews and the Democratic Theme in Black South African Politics’, History Workshop Conference: Democracy: Popular Precedents Practice Culture, 13‐15 July 1994. Paul Rich, ‘A.W.G. Champion and Black Politics in Natal, 1925‐1951’, Journal of Southern African Studies 20th Anniversary Conference: Paradigms Lost, Paradigms Regained? Southern African Studies in the 1990s, University of York, 9‐11 September 1994. Nicolene Rousseau, ‘Popular History in South Africa in the 1980s: the Politics of Production’, M.A. mini‐thesis, University of the Western Cape, 1994. Zina Scholtz, ‘Jane Gool‐Tabata’, Obituary presented at the Memorial Meeting for Jane Gool, Athlone Civic Minor Hall (Unity Movement of South Africa, 18 May 1996). Trevor J Smith, ‘Lenin for Sale: The Rise and Fall of the Personality Cult of V.I. Lenin in Soviet Russia, 1935‐1995’, M.A. Thesis, University of Ottawa, 1995. Noel Solani, ‘Representation of ex‐prisoner memories at Robben Island Museum’, paper presented to the international conference, Memory and History: Remembering, Forgetting and Forgiving in the life of the Nation and the Community, Cape Town, 9‐11 August 2000. Crain Soudien, ‘The City, Citizenship and Education’, Inaugural Professorial Lecture, University of Cape Town, 11 September 2002. 557
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The Individual, Auto/biography and
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation
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committee members selected me to ta
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements
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Authorship, individuation and the b
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ABBREVIATIONS AAC All‐African Con
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INTRODUCTION The research for this
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transformation in the Eastern Cape?
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South African society provided the
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manifest dishonesty. Through a case
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genealogy of biographic mediation w
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tribute to Tabata that Taylor const
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CHAPTER ONE AUTO/BIOGRAPHY, NARRATI
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self‐constitution and the “styl
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intercourse entailed in this metaph
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1930s, with decreasing institutiona
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psychological characteristics” wh
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entextualised in diverse ways”, c
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While all mankind may be the subjec
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life’ and career as the focus hav
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development, a “narrative of inte
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denies the centrality of the subjec
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story, creating a ‘transferential
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een backward‐looking. Their commu
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[w]e need to attend to the historic
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enacted, lived in particular conjun
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‘representivity’ would constitu
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through particular enunciative stra
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ones. 114 Modernity gave rise to li
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These, in turn, have a profound eff
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are also to be found in the ‘stor
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historian, personal and political,
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sites of the ‘memorial complex’
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These biographies of ‘great polit
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der Post family. 17 Even Bertolt Br
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While the limitations of Jones’ b
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and work had emphasised the serious
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accused Mother Teresa of promulgati
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Mother Teresa, “hoping some of he
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sainthood”, the amount of miracle
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This biographic world of saint vene
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dared to be that person”. She “
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and popular circuits of exchange an
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institutions that make up the exhib
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participation in annual heroic comm
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Biographic memorial productions hav
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myths, while radio and television p
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the monument was removed during the
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about the past, as “political eli
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suggesting that use was merely made
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and “The Annual Salute to Greatne
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the use of his image”. 106 Moreov
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In this radical biographic interpre
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In addition to this standard biogra
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National Civil Rights Museum in Mem
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Although Mao’s image had been use
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more varied … [and] far more exci
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esistance hero in general, of hope
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issues about image‐making and aut
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Lumumba who could stand in oppositi
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CHAPTER THREE RESISTANCE STUDIES AN
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in “a wide range of inventive pol
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marginalised, grassroots people [an
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Since the 1970s, the terrain of res
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In an obvious sense, these studies
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Under the conditions of deepening r
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Crucially, this feature found expre
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established through his professiona
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scepticism, 35 the use of this noti
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“glimpse into the inner mind of o
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Higgs and Steven Gish also followed
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understand the background, politica
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national and land questions” conc
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Higgs’ study was largely a chrono
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South Africans to protest against t
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In these traditional ‘masculinist
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1980s in South African scholarship,
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academic institutions involved in t
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struggles over municipal controls d
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that during the 1950s, a period see
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away from biographic images of cons
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orthography with “self‐appointe
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middle section had vacillated. Anot
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Biography has also been a vehicle f
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After collecting oral testimony fro
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and ‘jumping the fence’ led to
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whose value depended on their accur
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(probably Nkadimeng) in a resettlem
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determine the voice and style in wh
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memory into a written academic prod
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Biography for social history was a
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esistance history sought to provide
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and La Hausse were completed by sch
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consciousness, conversations, and/o
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A foray into biography in the work
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ceased to be the major site for the
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study did not go far enough in the
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continued political role”. It was
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In exploring these issues of image,
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While Clingman’s study has posed
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state they contested”, as the col
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focusing on the creation of systems
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and survival against the onslaught
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and reconciliation in South Africa.
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accustomed to clear hierarchies bet
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South African public history. This
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unifier and a liberator of the mind
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these ways, the Mayibuye Centre was
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together, these booklets attempted
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Biography also provided the basis o
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As part of these transformations, M
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leader, Bill Andrews. 58 Written fr
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It is this biographic impetus which
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the post‐apartheid present, and t
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Ngcelwane, whose family had had bee
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of softnesses and roughnesses” of
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extended to other arenas of public
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These images of the Business Day re
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once stood in central Pretoria, was
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declared a national monument on 12
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University’s Mark Haywood felt th
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Ministry of Water Affairs and Fores
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to the present. This project would
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was missed to develop a complex her
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contemplation and celebration were
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Morris Isaacson High School, Regina
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The Museum was really inaugurated,
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through biographic presentation. Bu
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2003. Thabo Mbeki expressed the poi
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In contrast, Ronnie Kasrils, Modise
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narratives and moral trajectories o
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visual terms as part of a president
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especially one who had been a long
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applications had to make a biograph
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In April 2003, the Nelson Mandela F
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ooklet was organised as a chronolog
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single sitting”. 191 However, it
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In 1999, Anthony Sampson, who had b
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eating breakfast and even shaving a
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(Mandela’s birth place), on the b
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“triumph of the human spirit”,
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sought to contest the tendency for
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deepening in Robben Island’s cult
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follow the advice of Anthony Sampso
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was asked to speak about the accuse
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new conditions of exile was the con
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importance of relations of cultural
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construction of Nelson Mandela has
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iography in public and commercial s
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artist, Jacob Khumalo, who had exhi
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epresentatives on the Nelson Mandel
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eliance, self‐respect and self‐
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PART TWO BEYOND MODERNIST HISTORY:
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marginality. Among the materials in
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Gradually, in drips and drabs, the
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While Fort Hare in the Eastern Cape
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for the field of political biograph
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microfilm collection contained a su
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and Karis may have received from Ta
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and reserve dwellers, arguing that
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Indeed, in this genealogy, the most
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and was conducted as part of a wide
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In making these assessments, Hirson
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policy that had envisaged redivided
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formation of APDUSA in January 1961
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“effectively … smashed within t
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opportunities that presented themse
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and verbal performances, which have
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political leadership was exercised
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CHAPTER SIX FROM COLLECTIVE LEADERS
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special protest meetings in convene
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upture was coming to a head, when h
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principles”. 18 Another aspect of
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included on the back cover of such
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political training did not take pla
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pertinent to the themes of this cha
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cause, rather than the leader”. T
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341
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343
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345
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347
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asic passport‐type pen picture sa
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their prominent placement in public
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353
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of individualised leadership may ha
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political positions which rejected
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interesting that Taylor’s first w
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handwriting, which had been prepare
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ehabilitation. 96 This did not stop
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ooted in the past”, he suggested,
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During 1949 and 1950, amid mounting
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“colour and strength” were impo
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Elsewhere on the left, Tabata’s b
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occurred in which Tabata was subjec
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Tabata, as an individual, bore a po
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making them “more careful about w
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teachers qualified to speak on matt
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Education for Barbarism marked Taba
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fulfil the same function” as ‘T
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state of anonymity to their true st
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of persecution and state harassment
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While Tabata’s presidency may hav
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final choice between the subterfuge
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circulated as the embodiment of its
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CHAPTER SEVEN DORA TAYLOR AND THE N
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Soon after Tabata arrived in Cape T
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historical understandings, Taylor
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was “tolerably easy”. In fact,
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her text had been “written in its
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the eastern Cape about which she wr
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While she was writing The Rôle of
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out of the strains and pressures of
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who were involved in the movement c
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moved into Gool’s newly rented ho
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off by expressing his “envy” of
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They had a full life and she a full
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emotional and sexual desires as the
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Fashioning Tabata’s biography Vir
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continued to rework and re‐edit T
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us”. Goolam Gool, he had argued,
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political practice”. Tabata assur
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Nine that the AAC and Unity Movemen
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authored pamphlets aimed at “clar
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production of I.B. Tabata made a mi
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political work in the movement, in
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political leadership. By that time,
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unleashing different forms of biogr
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their political exchanges. 9 Later,
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where “fierce debates and discuss
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education as well as mechanisms of
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identification”. This identity cl
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need for leadership”. Tabata invi
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Likewise, concepts of strategic val
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was also invited to join along with
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fundamental and genuine manner and
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them. Sihlali’s presidentship of
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expressed had been “essentially h
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By the 1950s, increased internal bl
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way of their own greatness?” 76 A
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“suspended” from the movement,
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Thereafter, Alexander and his comra
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“mounting to a climax”. Jane Go
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From around 1960, leaders of the Un
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The movement’s ‘architect’ al
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with the other liberation movements
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The ADC was a means of Tabata “ri
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ureaucratic abuse and of trying to
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econstituted APDUSA represented an
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NUM. They found instead a hostility
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significance of deceased ‘heroes
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A man … surrounded by a sea of pe
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and Alie and Ursula Fataar had assi
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491
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in “his contribution” to the li
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Almost unexpectedly, at his funeral
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497
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community of Lesseyton interred one
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The final entry of Tabata’s body
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heritage sites and collections. I w
Page 519 and 520: discovered heritage constructions o
Page 521 and 522: national heritage, even when those
Page 523 and 524: elevant information from my researc
Page 525 and 526: disrespectful. And the fact that th
Page 527 and 528: what I offer here is more than a st
Page 529 and 530: (e) Central Archives Depot, Pretori
Page 531 and 532: Ilizwi leSizwe, Vol. 1, No 2, 18 Oc
Page 533 and 534: (b) Other Videos Hell’s Angel: Mo
Page 535 and 536: (f) CD‐Roms Nelson Mandela: The s
Page 537 and 538: Hector Pieterson Memorial and Museu
Page 539 and 540: 7. INTERVIEWS AND RECORDINGS OF SPE
Page 541 and 542: William Beinart and Colin Bundy, Hi
Page 543 and 544: Stephen Clingman, The Novels of Nad
Page 545 and 546: Jurgen Habermas, The Structural Tra
Page 547 and 548: Dominic LaCapra, Writing History, W
Page 549 and 550: David Morley and Ken Worpole (eds),
Page 551 and 552: James D Sexton (ed), Son of Tecum U
Page 553 and 554: Susan G Wynne (Compiler), South Afr
Page 555 and 556: Elizabeth S Cohen, ‘Court Testimo
Page 557 and 558: Brian Elliot, ‘Biography, Family
Page 559 and 560: Baruch Hirson, ‘Ruth Schechter: F
Page 561 and 562: Desiree Lewis, ‘Winnie Mandela: T
Page 563 and 564: Bill Nasson, ‘A Sharecropper’s
Page 565 and 566: Hilary Sapire, ‘African Political
Page 567 and 568: Dora Taylor, ‘They Speak of Afric
Page 569: Kwame Anthony Appiah, ‘Cosmopolit
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