The Individual, Auto/biography and History in South Africa

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Michael Eric Dyson, I May Not Get There With You: The True Martin Luther King, Jr, New York: Touchstone, 2001. Noor Ebrahim, Noor’s Story: My Life in District Six, Cape Town: District Six Museum, 1999. Robert Edgar, Prophets with Honour: A Documentary History of Lekhotla la Bafo, Johannesburg: Ravan, 1987. Robert R Edgar (ed), An African American in South Africa: The Travel Notes of Ralph J Bunche, Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1992. Robert R Edgar and Luyanda ka Msumza (eds), Freedom in our Lifetime: The Collected Writings of Anton Muziwakhe Lembede, Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1996. David Ellis (ed), Imitating Art: Essays in Biography, London: Pluto Press, 1993. Geoffrey R Elton, Political History: Principles and Practice, London: Allen Lane The Penguin Press, 1970. Adam Fairclough, Martin Luther King, London: Cardinal by Sphere Books, 1991. Edward Feit, African Opposition in South Africa, Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1967. C S Ford, Smoke From Their Fires, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1941. Sadie Foreman and Andre Odendaal (eds), A Trumpet from the Housetops: The Selected Writings of Lionel Forman, Bellville: Mayibuye Books, 1992. Linda Fortune, The House in Tyne Street: Childhood Memories of District Six, Cape Town: Kwela Books, 1996. Julie Frederickse, The Unbreakable Thread: Non‐Racialism in South Africa, Johannesburg: Ravan, 1990. John Fuegi, Bertolt Brecht: Chaos, According to Plan, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987. John Fuegi, The Life and Lies of Bertolt Brecht, London, Flamingo, 1995. Gao Yuan, Born Red: A Chronicle of the Cultural Revolution, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987. Gail Gerhart, Black Power in South Africa: The Evolution of an Ideology, Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1978. Martin Gilbert, Finest Hour: Winston Churchill, 1939‐1941, London: Heinemann, 1983. Martin Gilbert, Never Despair: Winston Churchill, 1945‐1965, London: Heinemann, 1988. Emma Gilbey, The Lady: The Life and Times of Winnie Mandela, London: Vintage, 1994. Steven D Gish, Alfred B Xuma: African, American, South African (New York: New York University Press and London: Macmillan, 2000. Erving Goffman, The Presentation of the Self in Everyday Life, New York: Doubleday, 1959. Ian Goldin, Making Race: The Politics and Economics of Coloured Identity in South Africa, London and New York: Longman, 1987. Nadine Gordimer, Burger’s Daughter, London: Cape, 1979. 530
Jurgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Enquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, Cambridge, MS: MIT Press, 1991. Stuart Hall (ed), Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, London: Sage Publications, 1997. Carolyn Hamilton, Verne Harris, Jane Taylor, Michelle Pickover, Graeme Reid and Razia Saleh (eds), Refiguring the Archive, Cape Town: David Philip, 2002. Fred Hendricks, The Pillars of Apartheid: Land Tenure, Rural Planning and the Chieftaincy, Uppsala: Studia Sociologica Upsaliensa, 1990. Susan Herbst, Politics at the Margin: Historical Studies of Public Expression Outside the Mainstream, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Hayden Herrera, Frida: A Biography of Frida Kahlo, New York: Harper & Rowe, 1983. Catherine Higgs, The Ghost of Equality: The Public Lives of D D T Jabavu of South Africa, 1885‐ 1959, Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1997. Baruch Hirson, Year of Fire, Year of Ash: Soweto, Roots of a Revolution? London: Zed, 1979. Baruch Hirson, Yours for the Union: Class and Community Struggles in South Africa 1930‐1947, London: Zed, 1989. Baruch Hirson, Revolutions in my Life, Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1995. Baruch Hirson, The Cape Town Intellectuals: Ruth Schechter and her Circle, 1907‐1934, Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 2001. Baruch Hirson and Lorraine Vivian, Strike Across the Empire: The Seamen’s Strike of 1925, London: Clio Publications, 1992. Baruch Hirson and Gwyn A Williams, The Delegate for Africa: David Ivon Jones 1883‐1924, London: Core Publications, 1995. History Education Group, History Matters: Debates about a new History Curriculum for South Africa, Houghton: Heinemann‐Centaur Publishers, 1993. Christopher Hitchens, The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice, London: Verso, 1995. Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger (eds), The Invention of Tradition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. Heidi Holland, The Struggle: A History of the African National Congress, London: Grafton Books, 1989. Eric Homberger and John Charmley (eds), The Troubled Face of Biography, London: MacMillan Press, 1988. Maurice Hommel, Capricorn Blues: The Struggle for Human Rights in South Africa, Toronto: Culturama, 1981. Lynn Hunt, Politics, Culture and Class in the French Revolution, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. Jonathan Hyslop, The Classroom Struggle: Policy and Resistance in South Africa, 1940‐1990, Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press, 1999. 531
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The Individual, Auto/biography and
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation
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committee members selected me to ta
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements
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Authorship, individuation and the b
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ABBREVIATIONS AAC All‐African Con
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INTRODUCTION The research for this
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transformation in the Eastern Cape?
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South African society provided the
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manifest dishonesty. Through a case
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genealogy of biographic mediation w
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tribute to Tabata that Taylor const
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CHAPTER ONE AUTO/BIOGRAPHY, NARRATI
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self‐constitution and the “styl
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intercourse entailed in this metaph
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1930s, with decreasing institutiona
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psychological characteristics” wh
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entextualised in diverse ways”, c
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While all mankind may be the subjec
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life’ and career as the focus hav
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development, a “narrative of inte
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denies the centrality of the subjec
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story, creating a ‘transferential
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een backward‐looking. Their commu
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[w]e need to attend to the historic
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enacted, lived in particular conjun
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‘representivity’ would constitu
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through particular enunciative stra
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ones. 114 Modernity gave rise to li
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These, in turn, have a profound eff
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are also to be found in the ‘stor
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historian, personal and political,
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sites of the ‘memorial complex’
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These biographies of ‘great polit
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der Post family. 17 Even Bertolt Br
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While the limitations of Jones’ b
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and work had emphasised the serious
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accused Mother Teresa of promulgati
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Mother Teresa, “hoping some of he
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sainthood”, the amount of miracle
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This biographic world of saint vene
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dared to be that person”. She “
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and popular circuits of exchange an
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institutions that make up the exhib
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participation in annual heroic comm
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Biographic memorial productions hav
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myths, while radio and television p
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the monument was removed during the
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about the past, as “political eli
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suggesting that use was merely made
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and “The Annual Salute to Greatne
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the use of his image”. 106 Moreov
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In this radical biographic interpre
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In addition to this standard biogra
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National Civil Rights Museum in Mem
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Although Mao’s image had been use
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more varied … [and] far more exci
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esistance hero in general, of hope
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issues about image‐making and aut
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Lumumba who could stand in oppositi
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CHAPTER THREE RESISTANCE STUDIES AN
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in “a wide range of inventive pol
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marginalised, grassroots people [an
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Since the 1970s, the terrain of res
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In an obvious sense, these studies
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Under the conditions of deepening r
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Crucially, this feature found expre
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established through his professiona
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scepticism, 35 the use of this noti
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“glimpse into the inner mind of o
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Higgs and Steven Gish also followed
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understand the background, politica
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national and land questions” conc
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Higgs’ study was largely a chrono
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South Africans to protest against t
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In these traditional ‘masculinist
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1980s in South African scholarship,
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academic institutions involved in t
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struggles over municipal controls d
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that during the 1950s, a period see
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away from biographic images of cons
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orthography with “self‐appointe
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middle section had vacillated. Anot
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Biography has also been a vehicle f
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After collecting oral testimony fro
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and ‘jumping the fence’ led to
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whose value depended on their accur
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(probably Nkadimeng) in a resettlem
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determine the voice and style in wh
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memory into a written academic prod
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Biography for social history was a
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esistance history sought to provide
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and La Hausse were completed by sch
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consciousness, conversations, and/o
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A foray into biography in the work
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ceased to be the major site for the
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study did not go far enough in the
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continued political role”. It was
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In exploring these issues of image,
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While Clingman’s study has posed
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state they contested”, as the col
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focusing on the creation of systems
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and survival against the onslaught
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and reconciliation in South Africa.
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accustomed to clear hierarchies bet
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South African public history. This
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unifier and a liberator of the mind
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these ways, the Mayibuye Centre was
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together, these booklets attempted
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Biography also provided the basis o
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As part of these transformations, M
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leader, Bill Andrews. 58 Written fr
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It is this biographic impetus which
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the post‐apartheid present, and t
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Ngcelwane, whose family had had bee
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of softnesses and roughnesses” of
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extended to other arenas of public
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These images of the Business Day re
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once stood in central Pretoria, was
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declared a national monument on 12
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University’s Mark Haywood felt th
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Ministry of Water Affairs and Fores
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to the present. This project would
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was missed to develop a complex her
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contemplation and celebration were
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Morris Isaacson High School, Regina
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The Museum was really inaugurated,
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through biographic presentation. Bu
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2003. Thabo Mbeki expressed the poi
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In contrast, Ronnie Kasrils, Modise
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narratives and moral trajectories o
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visual terms as part of a president
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especially one who had been a long
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applications had to make a biograph
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In April 2003, the Nelson Mandela F
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ooklet was organised as a chronolog
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single sitting”. 191 However, it
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In 1999, Anthony Sampson, who had b
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eating breakfast and even shaving a
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(Mandela’s birth place), on the b
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“triumph of the human spirit”,
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sought to contest the tendency for
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deepening in Robben Island’s cult
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follow the advice of Anthony Sampso
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was asked to speak about the accuse
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new conditions of exile was the con
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importance of relations of cultural
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construction of Nelson Mandela has
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iography in public and commercial s
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artist, Jacob Khumalo, who had exhi
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epresentatives on the Nelson Mandel
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eliance, self‐respect and self‐
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PART TWO BEYOND MODERNIST HISTORY:
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marginality. Among the materials in
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Gradually, in drips and drabs, the
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While Fort Hare in the Eastern Cape
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for the field of political biograph
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microfilm collection contained a su
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and Karis may have received from Ta
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and reserve dwellers, arguing that
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Indeed, in this genealogy, the most
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and was conducted as part of a wide
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In making these assessments, Hirson
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policy that had envisaged redivided
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formation of APDUSA in January 1961
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“effectively … smashed within t
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opportunities that presented themse
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and verbal performances, which have
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political leadership was exercised
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CHAPTER SIX FROM COLLECTIVE LEADERS
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special protest meetings in convene
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upture was coming to a head, when h
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principles”. 18 Another aspect of
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included on the back cover of such
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political training did not take pla
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pertinent to the themes of this cha
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cause, rather than the leader”. T
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341
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343
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345
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347
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asic passport‐type pen picture sa
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their prominent placement in public
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353
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of individualised leadership may ha
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political positions which rejected
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interesting that Taylor’s first w
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handwriting, which had been prepare
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ehabilitation. 96 This did not stop
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ooted in the past”, he suggested,
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During 1949 and 1950, amid mounting
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“colour and strength” were impo
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Elsewhere on the left, Tabata’s b
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occurred in which Tabata was subjec
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Tabata, as an individual, bore a po
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making them “more careful about w
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teachers qualified to speak on matt
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Education for Barbarism marked Taba
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fulfil the same function” as ‘T
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state of anonymity to their true st
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of persecution and state harassment
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While Tabata’s presidency may hav
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final choice between the subterfuge
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circulated as the embodiment of its
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CHAPTER SEVEN DORA TAYLOR AND THE N
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Soon after Tabata arrived in Cape T
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historical understandings, Taylor
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was “tolerably easy”. In fact,
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her text had been “written in its
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the eastern Cape about which she wr
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While she was writing The Rôle of
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out of the strains and pressures of
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who were involved in the movement c
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moved into Gool’s newly rented ho
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off by expressing his “envy” of
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They had a full life and she a full
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emotional and sexual desires as the
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Fashioning Tabata’s biography Vir
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continued to rework and re‐edit T
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us”. Goolam Gool, he had argued,
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political practice”. Tabata assur
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Nine that the AAC and Unity Movemen
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authored pamphlets aimed at “clar
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production of I.B. Tabata made a mi
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political work in the movement, in
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political leadership. By that time,
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unleashing different forms of biogr
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their political exchanges. 9 Later,
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where “fierce debates and discuss
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education as well as mechanisms of
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identification”. This identity cl
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need for leadership”. Tabata invi
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Likewise, concepts of strategic val
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was also invited to join along with
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fundamental and genuine manner and
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them. Sihlali’s presidentship of
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expressed had been “essentially h
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By the 1950s, increased internal bl
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way of their own greatness?” 76 A
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“suspended” from the movement,
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Thereafter, Alexander and his comra
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“mounting to a climax”. Jane Go
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From around 1960, leaders of the Un
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The movement’s ‘architect’ al
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with the other liberation movements
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The ADC was a means of Tabata “ri
Page 493 and 494: ureaucratic abuse and of trying to
Page 495 and 496: econstituted APDUSA represented an
Page 497 and 498: NUM. They found instead a hostility
Page 499 and 500: significance of deceased ‘heroes
Page 501 and 502: A man … surrounded by a sea of pe
Page 503 and 504: and Alie and Ursula Fataar had assi
Page 505 and 506: 491
Page 507 and 508: in “his contribution” to the li
Page 509 and 510: Almost unexpectedly, at his funeral
Page 511 and 512: 497
Page 513 and 514: community of Lesseyton interred one
Page 515 and 516: The final entry of Tabata’s body
Page 517 and 518: heritage sites and collections. I w
Page 519 and 520: discovered heritage constructions o
Page 521 and 522: national heritage, even when those
Page 523 and 524: elevant information from my researc
Page 525 and 526: disrespectful. And the fact that th
Page 527 and 528: what I offer here is more than a st
Page 529 and 530: (e) Central Archives Depot, Pretori
Page 531 and 532: Ilizwi leSizwe, Vol. 1, No 2, 18 Oc
Page 533 and 534: (b) Other Videos Hell’s Angel: Mo
Page 535 and 536: (f) CD‐Roms Nelson Mandela: The s
Page 537 and 538: Hector Pieterson Memorial and Museu
Page 539 and 540: 7. INTERVIEWS AND RECORDINGS OF SPE
Page 541 and 542: William Beinart and Colin Bundy, Hi
Page 543: Stephen Clingman, The Novels of Nad
Page 547 and 548: Dominic LaCapra, Writing History, W
Page 549 and 550: David Morley and Ken Worpole (eds),
Page 551 and 552: James D Sexton (ed), Son of Tecum U
Page 553 and 554: Susan G Wynne (Compiler), South Afr
Page 555 and 556: Elizabeth S Cohen, ‘Court Testimo
Page 557 and 558: Brian Elliot, ‘Biography, Family
Page 559 and 560: Baruch Hirson, ‘Ruth Schechter: F
Page 561 and 562: Desiree Lewis, ‘Winnie Mandela: T
Page 563 and 564: Bill Nasson, ‘A Sharecropper’s
Page 565 and 566: Hilary Sapire, ‘African Political
Page 567 and 568: Dora Taylor, ‘They Speak of Afric
Page 569 and 570: Kwame Anthony Appiah, ‘Cosmopolit
Page 571 and 572: Twentieth Century’, Paper present
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