The Individual, Auto/biography and History in South Africa

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Interview with Jane Gool, Cape Town 17/10/93, assisted by Bridget Thompson. Interview with Phyllis Ntantala Jordan, Cape Town, 4/11/93. Interview with Ernest Mancoba, Cape Town, 25/4/95, assisted by Wonga Mancoba. Interview with Stanley Breetzke, Bailey, 11 July 1995, assisted by Ayanda Bashe. Interview with Magdalene Tabata, Lesseyton, 12/7/95, assisted by Ayanda Bashe. Interview with Irwin Combrink and Benita Parry, Cape Town, 19/10/95. Short Interview with Archie Nkonyana, Umtata, 14/6/00 (Brief written notes). (Copies of these interview recordings, transcripts and notes have been deposited in the District Six Museum, Cape Town). (c) Recordings/Records of Speeches and Public Gatherings Speeches by André Odendaal and Mike Rademeyer at the opening of the Robben Island Exhibition and Information Centre, 8 June 1996 (notes in author’s possession). I.B Tabata, Oration at Dora Taylor’s Memorial Service, c.1976 (copy in the author’s possession). Recording and Transcript of part of the funeral ceremony of I.B. Tabata, Lesseyton, 27 October 1990 (one cassette), in author’s possession. 8. PUBLISHED BOOKS Philip Abrams, Historical Sociology, Somerset: Open Books, 1982 Louis Althusser, For Marx, London: Verso, 1966. Richard D Altick, Lives and Letters: A History of Literary Biography in England and America, New York: Knopf, 1965 Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, London: Verso, 1991 (first published, 1983). David E Apter and Tony Saich, Revolutionary Discourse in Mao’s Republic, Cambridge, MS: Harvard University Press, 1994. Emily Apter, Feminising the Fetish: Psychoanalysis and Narrative Obsession in Turn‐of‐the‐ Century France, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991. Adam Ashforth, The Politics of Official Discourse in South Africa, Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1990. Kader Asmal, David Chidester and Wilmot James (eds), Nelson Mandela: From Freedom to the Future – Tributes and Speeches, Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball, 2003. Natoo Babenia as told to Iain Edwards, Memoirs of a Saboteur, Bellville: Mayibuye, 1995. Deidre Bair, Simone de Beauvoir ‐ A Biography, London: Jonathan Cape, 1990. William Beinart, The Political Economy of Pondoland, 1860‐1930, Johannesburg: Ravan, 1982. 526
William Beinart and Colin Bundy, Hidden Struggles in Rural South Africa: Politics and Popular Movements in the Transkei and Eastern Cape 1890‐1930, Johannesburg, Ravan, 1987. William Beinart, Twentieth‐Century South Africa, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. Tony Bennett, The Birth of the Museum: History, Theory, Politics, London, Routledge, 1995. Mary Benson, Tshekedi Khama, London: Faber, 1960. Mary Benson, Chief A Luthuli of South Africa, London: Oxford University Press, 1963. Mary Benson, The African Patriots: The Story of the African National Congress of South Africa, London: Faber, 1963 (revised and republished as South Africa: The Struggle for a Birthright, London: Penguin Books, 1966). Mary Benson, At the Still Point, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1991. Mary Benson, Nelson Mandela, London: Penguin, 1986. Mary Benson, A Far Cry: The Making of a South African, Randburg: Ravan Writers Series, 1996 (First published in 1989). Daniel Bertaux (ed), Biography and Society: The Life History Approach in the Social Sciences, Beverley Hills: Sage, 1981. Robert Blake, Disraeli, London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1966. Robert Blake, The Conservative Party from Peel to Churchill, London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1970. Robert Blake and William Roger Louis (eds), Churchill, New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. Philip Bonner, Isabel Hofmeyr, Deborah James and Tom Lodge (eds), Holding Their Ground: Class, Locality and Culture in 19th and 20th Century South Africa, Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press and Ravan Press, 1989. Phil Bonner, Peter Delius and Deborah Posel (eds), Apartheidʹs Genesis, 1935‐1962, Johannesburg: Ravan Press and Wits University Press, 1993. Sam Bornstein and Al Richardson, The War and the International: A History of the Trotskyist Movement in Britain 1937‐1949, London: Socialist Platform, 1986. Pierre Bourdieu, The Biographical Illusion (Working Papers and proceedings of the Centre for psychosocial studies, no 14), Chicago, Centre for Psychosocial Studies, 1987. Jonathan Boyarin, Remapping Memory: The Politics of Timespace, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990. Belinda Bozzoli (ed), Labour, Townships and Protest: Studies in the Social History of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1979. Belinda Bozzoli (ed), Town and Countryside in the Transvaal, Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1983. Belinda Bozzoli (ed), Class, Community and Conflict: South African Perspectives, Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1987. Belinda Bozzoli with Mmantho Nkotsoe, Women of Phokeng: Consciousness, Life Strategy, and Migrancy in South Africa, 1900‐1983, Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1991. 527
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The Individual, Auto/biography and
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation
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committee members selected me to ta
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements
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Authorship, individuation and the b
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ABBREVIATIONS AAC All‐African Con
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INTRODUCTION The research for this
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transformation in the Eastern Cape?
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South African society provided the
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manifest dishonesty. Through a case
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genealogy of biographic mediation w
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tribute to Tabata that Taylor const
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CHAPTER ONE AUTO/BIOGRAPHY, NARRATI
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self‐constitution and the “styl
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intercourse entailed in this metaph
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1930s, with decreasing institutiona
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psychological characteristics” wh
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entextualised in diverse ways”, c
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While all mankind may be the subjec
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life’ and career as the focus hav
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development, a “narrative of inte
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denies the centrality of the subjec
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story, creating a ‘transferential
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een backward‐looking. Their commu
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[w]e need to attend to the historic
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enacted, lived in particular conjun
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‘representivity’ would constitu
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through particular enunciative stra
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ones. 114 Modernity gave rise to li
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These, in turn, have a profound eff
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are also to be found in the ‘stor
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historian, personal and political,
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sites of the ‘memorial complex’
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These biographies of ‘great polit
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der Post family. 17 Even Bertolt Br
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While the limitations of Jones’ b
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and work had emphasised the serious
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accused Mother Teresa of promulgati
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Mother Teresa, “hoping some of he
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sainthood”, the amount of miracle
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This biographic world of saint vene
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dared to be that person”. She “
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and popular circuits of exchange an
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institutions that make up the exhib
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participation in annual heroic comm
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Biographic memorial productions hav
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myths, while radio and television p
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the monument was removed during the
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about the past, as “political eli
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suggesting that use was merely made
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and “The Annual Salute to Greatne
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the use of his image”. 106 Moreov
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In this radical biographic interpre
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In addition to this standard biogra
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National Civil Rights Museum in Mem
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Although Mao’s image had been use
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more varied … [and] far more exci
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esistance hero in general, of hope
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issues about image‐making and aut
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Lumumba who could stand in oppositi
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CHAPTER THREE RESISTANCE STUDIES AN
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in “a wide range of inventive pol
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marginalised, grassroots people [an
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Since the 1970s, the terrain of res
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In an obvious sense, these studies
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Under the conditions of deepening r
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Crucially, this feature found expre
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established through his professiona
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scepticism, 35 the use of this noti
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“glimpse into the inner mind of o
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Higgs and Steven Gish also followed
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understand the background, politica
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national and land questions” conc
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Higgs’ study was largely a chrono
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South Africans to protest against t
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In these traditional ‘masculinist
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1980s in South African scholarship,
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academic institutions involved in t
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struggles over municipal controls d
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that during the 1950s, a period see
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away from biographic images of cons
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orthography with “self‐appointe
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middle section had vacillated. Anot
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Biography has also been a vehicle f
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After collecting oral testimony fro
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and ‘jumping the fence’ led to
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whose value depended on their accur
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(probably Nkadimeng) in a resettlem
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determine the voice and style in wh
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memory into a written academic prod
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Biography for social history was a
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esistance history sought to provide
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and La Hausse were completed by sch
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consciousness, conversations, and/o
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A foray into biography in the work
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ceased to be the major site for the
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study did not go far enough in the
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continued political role”. It was
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In exploring these issues of image,
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While Clingman’s study has posed
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state they contested”, as the col
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focusing on the creation of systems
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and survival against the onslaught
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and reconciliation in South Africa.
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accustomed to clear hierarchies bet
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South African public history. This
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unifier and a liberator of the mind
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these ways, the Mayibuye Centre was
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together, these booklets attempted
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Biography also provided the basis o
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As part of these transformations, M
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leader, Bill Andrews. 58 Written fr
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It is this biographic impetus which
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the post‐apartheid present, and t
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Ngcelwane, whose family had had bee
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of softnesses and roughnesses” of
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extended to other arenas of public
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These images of the Business Day re
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once stood in central Pretoria, was
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declared a national monument on 12
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University’s Mark Haywood felt th
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Ministry of Water Affairs and Fores
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to the present. This project would
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was missed to develop a complex her
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contemplation and celebration were
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Morris Isaacson High School, Regina
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The Museum was really inaugurated,
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through biographic presentation. Bu
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2003. Thabo Mbeki expressed the poi
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In contrast, Ronnie Kasrils, Modise
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narratives and moral trajectories o
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visual terms as part of a president
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especially one who had been a long
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applications had to make a biograph
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In April 2003, the Nelson Mandela F
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ooklet was organised as a chronolog
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single sitting”. 191 However, it
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In 1999, Anthony Sampson, who had b
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eating breakfast and even shaving a
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(Mandela’s birth place), on the b
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“triumph of the human spirit”,
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sought to contest the tendency for
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deepening in Robben Island’s cult
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follow the advice of Anthony Sampso
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was asked to speak about the accuse
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new conditions of exile was the con
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importance of relations of cultural
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construction of Nelson Mandela has
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iography in public and commercial s
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artist, Jacob Khumalo, who had exhi
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epresentatives on the Nelson Mandel
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eliance, self‐respect and self‐
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PART TWO BEYOND MODERNIST HISTORY:
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marginality. Among the materials in
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Gradually, in drips and drabs, the
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While Fort Hare in the Eastern Cape
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for the field of political biograph
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microfilm collection contained a su
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and Karis may have received from Ta
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and reserve dwellers, arguing that
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Indeed, in this genealogy, the most
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and was conducted as part of a wide
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In making these assessments, Hirson
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policy that had envisaged redivided
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formation of APDUSA in January 1961
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“effectively … smashed within t
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opportunities that presented themse
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and verbal performances, which have
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political leadership was exercised
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CHAPTER SIX FROM COLLECTIVE LEADERS
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special protest meetings in convene
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upture was coming to a head, when h
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principles”. 18 Another aspect of
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included on the back cover of such
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political training did not take pla
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pertinent to the themes of this cha
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cause, rather than the leader”. T
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341
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343
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345
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347
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asic passport‐type pen picture sa
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their prominent placement in public
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353
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of individualised leadership may ha
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political positions which rejected
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interesting that Taylor’s first w
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handwriting, which had been prepare
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ehabilitation. 96 This did not stop
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ooted in the past”, he suggested,
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During 1949 and 1950, amid mounting
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“colour and strength” were impo
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Elsewhere on the left, Tabata’s b
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occurred in which Tabata was subjec
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Tabata, as an individual, bore a po
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making them “more careful about w
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teachers qualified to speak on matt
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Education for Barbarism marked Taba
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fulfil the same function” as ‘T
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state of anonymity to their true st
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of persecution and state harassment
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While Tabata’s presidency may hav
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final choice between the subterfuge
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circulated as the embodiment of its
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CHAPTER SEVEN DORA TAYLOR AND THE N
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Soon after Tabata arrived in Cape T
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historical understandings, Taylor
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was “tolerably easy”. In fact,
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her text had been “written in its
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the eastern Cape about which she wr
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While she was writing The Rôle of
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out of the strains and pressures of
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who were involved in the movement c
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moved into Gool’s newly rented ho
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off by expressing his “envy” of
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They had a full life and she a full
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emotional and sexual desires as the
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Fashioning Tabata’s biography Vir
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continued to rework and re‐edit T
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us”. Goolam Gool, he had argued,
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political practice”. Tabata assur
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Nine that the AAC and Unity Movemen
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authored pamphlets aimed at “clar
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production of I.B. Tabata made a mi
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political work in the movement, in
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political leadership. By that time,
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unleashing different forms of biogr
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their political exchanges. 9 Later,
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where “fierce debates and discuss
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education as well as mechanisms of
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identification”. This identity cl
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need for leadership”. Tabata invi
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Likewise, concepts of strategic val
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was also invited to join along with
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fundamental and genuine manner and
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them. Sihlali’s presidentship of
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expressed had been “essentially h
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By the 1950s, increased internal bl
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way of their own greatness?” 76 A
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“suspended” from the movement,
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Thereafter, Alexander and his comra
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“mounting to a climax”. Jane Go
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From around 1960, leaders of the Un
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The movement’s ‘architect’ al
Page 489 and 490: with the other liberation movements
Page 491 and 492: The ADC was a means of Tabata “ri
Page 493 and 494: ureaucratic abuse and of trying to
Page 495 and 496: econstituted APDUSA represented an
Page 497 and 498: NUM. They found instead a hostility
Page 499 and 500: significance of deceased ‘heroes
Page 501 and 502: A man … surrounded by a sea of pe
Page 503 and 504: and Alie and Ursula Fataar had assi
Page 505 and 506: 491
Page 507 and 508: in “his contribution” to the li
Page 509 and 510: Almost unexpectedly, at his funeral
Page 511 and 512: 497
Page 513 and 514: community of Lesseyton interred one
Page 515 and 516: The final entry of Tabata’s body
Page 517 and 518: heritage sites and collections. I w
Page 519 and 520: discovered heritage constructions o
Page 521 and 522: national heritage, even when those
Page 523 and 524: elevant information from my researc
Page 525 and 526: disrespectful. And the fact that th
Page 527 and 528: what I offer here is more than a st
Page 529 and 530: (e) Central Archives Depot, Pretori
Page 531 and 532: Ilizwi leSizwe, Vol. 1, No 2, 18 Oc
Page 533 and 534: (b) Other Videos Hell’s Angel: Mo
Page 535 and 536: (f) CD‐Roms Nelson Mandela: The s
Page 537 and 538: Hector Pieterson Memorial and Museu
Page 539: 7. INTERVIEWS AND RECORDINGS OF SPE
Page 543 and 544: Stephen Clingman, The Novels of Nad
Page 545 and 546: Jurgen Habermas, The Structural Tra
Page 547 and 548: Dominic LaCapra, Writing History, W
Page 549 and 550: David Morley and Ken Worpole (eds),
Page 551 and 552: James D Sexton (ed), Son of Tecum U
Page 553 and 554: Susan G Wynne (Compiler), South Afr
Page 555 and 556: Elizabeth S Cohen, ‘Court Testimo
Page 557 and 558: Brian Elliot, ‘Biography, Family
Page 559 and 560: Baruch Hirson, ‘Ruth Schechter: F
Page 561 and 562: Desiree Lewis, ‘Winnie Mandela: T
Page 563 and 564: Bill Nasson, ‘A Sharecropper’s
Page 565 and 566: Hilary Sapire, ‘African Political
Page 567 and 568: Dora Taylor, ‘They Speak of Afric
Page 569 and 570: Kwame Anthony Appiah, ‘Cosmopolit
Page 571 and 572: Twentieth Century’, Paper present
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