The Individual, Auto/biography and History in South Africa

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Pieterson Memorial Square to Vilakazi Street, where the homes of Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu stood. 134 At about the same time, the Gauteng Province, the City of Johannesburg and Standard Bank had formed a Soweto Heritage Trust under Nelson Mandela’s patronage to promote and develop cultural and heritage tourism in Soweto. The development of heritage sites and routes would “enhance and protect” the “quality” of Soweto’s environment, “instil a sense of community pride in Soweto’s heritage”, “contribute to nation‐building and reconciliation” and offer “employment and business opportunities”. The Soweto Heritage Trust made plans to turn Soweto’s heritage of resistance into a more purposeful themed environment in a series of stages. It also managed to retrieve the Mandela house from the control of Winnie Madikizela Mandela, who had controversially earned money from tourist visits for a period. 135 The Trust’s corporate identity was styled through the adoption of a pietà‐like visual symbol, based on Sam Nzima’s iconic photograph of Pieterson’s lifeless body being carried by Mbuyisa Makhubu. 136 For the first phase, the Hector Pieterson Memorial Square would be developed into “a vital tourism and education centre”, with “walkways”, “water features” and an amphitheatre. Plans were formulated to establish a visitor’s centre with an exhibition and to create a “Heritage Trail” from the Hector Pieterson site to other sites such as Vilakazi Street. Related to this, plans were also made to convert Mandela’s Soweto home into a museum. In the future, it was envisaged that other sites such as 134 Leslie Witz, Ciraj Rassool and Gary Minkley, ‘Repackaging the Past for South African Tourism’, Daedalus, Vol. 130, No. 1, Winter 2001, pp 284‐5; Barbara Kirshenblatt‐Gimblett, Destination Culture: Tourism, Museums and Heritage (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998). See also MelanieAnn Feris, ‘Soweto a Growing Magnet for Overseas Visitors’, . 135 ‘Soweto Heritage Trust’, Johannesburg, n.d. (c.1998), brochure; Charlene Smith, Winnie pocketing museum earnings’, ; Themba Sepotokele, ‘Scramble to defuse Winnie museum row’, . 136 ‘Soweto Heritage Trust’. This image became so powerfully associated with history and culture in Soweto that it also entered a new Soweto forum of celebrity, glitter and showbiz, when Hector Pietersen‐like pietà statuettes were presented as ‘Soweto Awards’ to honour prominent Soweto residents from different walks of life (‘The Soweto Awards’, SABC 3, 8 June 2002). 237
Morris Isaacson High School, Regina Mundi Church, Freedom Square and Kliptown could be developed “into an integrated Heritage Route”. 137 The inscription of resistance heritage in Soweto in the late 1990s was of a very different cultural and discursive order from the transient memorials and monuments erected in the mid‐1980s in Soweto and other townships around Johannesburg and Pretoria. Over four or five months in 1985, as a creative energy expressed itself amid the chaos of violence and repression, peace parks were created, one element of which had mimicked images seen in town squares. These had been named after political leaders such as Tambo, Sisulu, Mandela and Biko. Amid a flowering of civic art, a sculpture of Steve Biko was created out of debris and “whatever materials people could find”. 138 In the 1990s, the memorial biographic impetus had shifted from one that had inserted fragile markers of resistance politics into a landscape of poverty and repression to one that cast multiple stories of violence and resistance into “a nationalist narrative of heroism and sacrifice”. 139 This narrative was in turn mobilised into a tourist cultural economy where “the sites of resistance and remembrance [slid] almost uneasily into the world of cultural difference”. 140 This was the tourist economy that the Hector Pieterson Memorial and Museum had to contend with when it opened on 16 June 2002 with photographic and audio‐visual displays of “the struggle of the youth against the injustices of apartheid”. Through “archive, documentary and photographic footage”, the Museum told “the story of the June 16 uprising and the shooting of 13‐year old Pieterson”. The “legendary” photograph of Pieterson being carried by Makhubu was not shown inside. Instead one of the other five 137 ‘Soweto Heritage Trust’, Johannesburg, n.d. (c.1998), brochure. 138 See Steven Sack’s discussion of Soweto’s Peace Parks of 1985 as well as footage of a Biko memorial in the video, The Writing’s on the Wall: The Role of Culture in South Africa (Produced by Mark Newman for Pakathi Films with support from Kulturhuset Stockholm and Sida, 1998). See also Sue Williamson, Resistance Art in South Africa (Cape Town: David Philip, 1989), pp 88‐9. By 1986, the SADF had destroyed the parks on the pretext that they had been used to hide arms. 139 Helena Pohlandt‐McCormick, ‘“I Saw a Nightmare…”: Violence and the Construction of Memory (Soweto, June 16, 1976)’, History and Theory, Vol. 39, No 4, December 2000, p 44. 140 Leslie Witz, Ciraj Rassool and Gary Minkley, ‘Repackaging the Past for South African Tourism’, p 286. 238
Page 1 and 2:
The Individual, Auto/biography and
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation
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committee members selected me to ta
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements
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Authorship, individuation and the b
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ABBREVIATIONS AAC All‐African Con
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INTRODUCTION The research for this
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transformation in the Eastern Cape?
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South African society provided the
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manifest dishonesty. Through a case
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genealogy of biographic mediation w
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tribute to Tabata that Taylor const
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CHAPTER ONE AUTO/BIOGRAPHY, NARRATI
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self‐constitution and the “styl
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intercourse entailed in this metaph
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1930s, with decreasing institutiona
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psychological characteristics” wh
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entextualised in diverse ways”, c
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While all mankind may be the subjec
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life’ and career as the focus hav
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development, a “narrative of inte
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denies the centrality of the subjec
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story, creating a ‘transferential
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een backward‐looking. Their commu
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[w]e need to attend to the historic
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enacted, lived in particular conjun
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‘representivity’ would constitu
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through particular enunciative stra
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ones. 114 Modernity gave rise to li
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These, in turn, have a profound eff
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are also to be found in the ‘stor
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historian, personal and political,
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sites of the ‘memorial complex’
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These biographies of ‘great polit
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der Post family. 17 Even Bertolt Br
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While the limitations of Jones’ b
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and work had emphasised the serious
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accused Mother Teresa of promulgati
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Mother Teresa, “hoping some of he
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sainthood”, the amount of miracle
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This biographic world of saint vene
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dared to be that person”. She “
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and popular circuits of exchange an
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institutions that make up the exhib
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participation in annual heroic comm
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Biographic memorial productions hav
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myths, while radio and television p
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the monument was removed during the
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about the past, as “political eli
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suggesting that use was merely made
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and “The Annual Salute to Greatne
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the use of his image”. 106 Moreov
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In this radical biographic interpre
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In addition to this standard biogra
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National Civil Rights Museum in Mem
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Although Mao’s image had been use
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more varied … [and] far more exci
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esistance hero in general, of hope
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issues about image‐making and aut
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Lumumba who could stand in oppositi
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CHAPTER THREE RESISTANCE STUDIES AN
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in “a wide range of inventive pol
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marginalised, grassroots people [an
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Since the 1970s, the terrain of res
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In an obvious sense, these studies
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Under the conditions of deepening r
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Crucially, this feature found expre
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established through his professiona
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scepticism, 35 the use of this noti
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“glimpse into the inner mind of o
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Higgs and Steven Gish also followed
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understand the background, politica
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national and land questions” conc
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Higgs’ study was largely a chrono
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South Africans to protest against t
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In these traditional ‘masculinist
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1980s in South African scholarship,
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academic institutions involved in t
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struggles over municipal controls d
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that during the 1950s, a period see
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away from biographic images of cons
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orthography with “self‐appointe
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middle section had vacillated. Anot
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Biography has also been a vehicle f
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After collecting oral testimony fro
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and ‘jumping the fence’ led to
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whose value depended on their accur
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(probably Nkadimeng) in a resettlem
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determine the voice and style in wh
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memory into a written academic prod
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Biography for social history was a
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esistance history sought to provide
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and La Hausse were completed by sch
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consciousness, conversations, and/o
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A foray into biography in the work
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ceased to be the major site for the
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study did not go far enough in the
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continued political role”. It was
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In exploring these issues of image,
Page 199 and 200: While Clingman’s study has posed
Page 201 and 202: state they contested”, as the col
Page 203 and 204: focusing on the creation of systems
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Page 207 and 208: and reconciliation in South Africa.
Page 209 and 210: accustomed to clear hierarchies bet
Page 211 and 212: South African public history. This
Page 213 and 214: unifier and a liberator of the mind
Page 215 and 216: these ways, the Mayibuye Centre was
Page 217 and 218: together, these booklets attempted
Page 219 and 220: Biography also provided the basis o
Page 221 and 222: As part of these transformations, M
Page 223 and 224: leader, Bill Andrews. 58 Written fr
Page 225 and 226: It is this biographic impetus which
Page 227 and 228: the post‐apartheid present, and t
Page 229 and 230: Ngcelwane, whose family had had bee
Page 231 and 232: of softnesses and roughnesses” of
Page 233 and 234: extended to other arenas of public
Page 235 and 236: These images of the Business Day re
Page 237 and 238: once stood in central Pretoria, was
Page 239 and 240: declared a national monument on 12
Page 241 and 242: University’s Mark Haywood felt th
Page 243 and 244: Ministry of Water Affairs and Fores
Page 245 and 246: to the present. This project would
Page 247 and 248: was missed to develop a complex her
Page 249: contemplation and celebration were
Page 253 and 254: The Museum was really inaugurated,
Page 255 and 256: through biographic presentation. Bu
Page 257 and 258: 2003. Thabo Mbeki expressed the poi
Page 259 and 260: In contrast, Ronnie Kasrils, Modise
Page 261 and 262: narratives and moral trajectories o
Page 263 and 264: visual terms as part of a president
Page 265 and 266: especially one who had been a long
Page 267 and 268: applications had to make a biograph
Page 269 and 270: In April 2003, the Nelson Mandela F
Page 271 and 272: ooklet was organised as a chronolog
Page 273 and 274: single sitting”. 191 However, it
Page 275 and 276: In 1999, Anthony Sampson, who had b
Page 277 and 278: eating breakfast and even shaving a
Page 279 and 280: (Mandela’s birth place), on the b
Page 281 and 282: “triumph of the human spirit”,
Page 283 and 284: sought to contest the tendency for
Page 285 and 286: deepening in Robben Island’s cult
Page 287 and 288: follow the advice of Anthony Sampso
Page 289 and 290: was asked to speak about the accuse
Page 291 and 292: new conditions of exile was the con
Page 293 and 294: importance of relations of cultural
Page 295 and 296: construction of Nelson Mandela has
Page 297 and 298: iography in public and commercial s
Page 299 and 300: artist, Jacob Khumalo, who had exhi
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epresentatives on the Nelson Mandel
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eliance, self‐respect and self‐
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PART TWO BEYOND MODERNIST HISTORY:
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marginality. Among the materials in
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Gradually, in drips and drabs, the
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While Fort Hare in the Eastern Cape
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for the field of political biograph
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microfilm collection contained a su
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and Karis may have received from Ta
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and reserve dwellers, arguing that
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Indeed, in this genealogy, the most
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and was conducted as part of a wide
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In making these assessments, Hirson
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policy that had envisaged redivided
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formation of APDUSA in January 1961
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“effectively … smashed within t
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opportunities that presented themse
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and verbal performances, which have
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political leadership was exercised
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CHAPTER SIX FROM COLLECTIVE LEADERS
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special protest meetings in convene
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upture was coming to a head, when h
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principles”. 18 Another aspect of
Page 347 and 348:
included on the back cover of such
Page 349 and 350:
political training did not take pla
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pertinent to the themes of this cha
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cause, rather than the leader”. T
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341
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343
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345
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347
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asic passport‐type pen picture sa
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their prominent placement in public
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353
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of individualised leadership may ha
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political positions which rejected
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interesting that Taylor’s first w
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handwriting, which had been prepare
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ehabilitation. 96 This did not stop
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ooted in the past”, he suggested,
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During 1949 and 1950, amid mounting
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“colour and strength” were impo
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Elsewhere on the left, Tabata’s b
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occurred in which Tabata was subjec
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Tabata, as an individual, bore a po
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making them “more careful about w
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teachers qualified to speak on matt
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Education for Barbarism marked Taba
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fulfil the same function” as ‘T
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state of anonymity to their true st
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of persecution and state harassment
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While Tabata’s presidency may hav
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final choice between the subterfuge
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circulated as the embodiment of its
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CHAPTER SEVEN DORA TAYLOR AND THE N
Page 411 and 412:
Soon after Tabata arrived in Cape T
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historical understandings, Taylor
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was “tolerably easy”. In fact,
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her text had been “written in its
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the eastern Cape about which she wr
Page 421 and 422:
While she was writing The Rôle of
Page 423 and 424:
out of the strains and pressures of
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who were involved in the movement c
Page 427 and 428:
moved into Gool’s newly rented ho
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off by expressing his “envy” of
Page 431 and 432:
They had a full life and she a full
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emotional and sexual desires as the
Page 435 and 436:
Fashioning Tabata’s biography Vir
Page 437 and 438:
continued to rework and re‐edit T
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us”. Goolam Gool, he had argued,
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political practice”. Tabata assur
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Nine that the AAC and Unity Movemen
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authored pamphlets aimed at “clar
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production of I.B. Tabata made a mi
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political work in the movement, in
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political leadership. By that time,
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unleashing different forms of biogr
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their political exchanges. 9 Later,
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where “fierce debates and discuss
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education as well as mechanisms of
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identification”. This identity cl
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need for leadership”. Tabata invi
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Likewise, concepts of strategic val
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was also invited to join along with
Page 469 and 470:
fundamental and genuine manner and
Page 471 and 472:
them. Sihlali’s presidentship of
Page 473 and 474:
expressed had been “essentially h
Page 475 and 476:
By the 1950s, increased internal bl
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way of their own greatness?” 76 A
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“suspended” from the movement,
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Thereafter, Alexander and his comra
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“mounting to a climax”. Jane Go
Page 485 and 486:
From around 1960, leaders of the Un
Page 487 and 488:
The movement’s ‘architect’ al
Page 489 and 490:
with the other liberation movements
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The ADC was a means of Tabata “ri
Page 493 and 494:
ureaucratic abuse and of trying to
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econstituted APDUSA represented an
Page 497 and 498:
NUM. They found instead a hostility
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significance of deceased ‘heroes
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A man … surrounded by a sea of pe
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and Alie and Ursula Fataar had assi
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491
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in “his contribution” to the li
Page 509 and 510:
Almost unexpectedly, at his funeral
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497
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community of Lesseyton interred one
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The final entry of Tabata’s body
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heritage sites and collections. I w
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discovered heritage constructions o
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national heritage, even when those
Page 523 and 524:
elevant information from my researc
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disrespectful. And the fact that th
Page 527 and 528:
what I offer here is more than a st
Page 529 and 530:
(e) Central Archives Depot, Pretori
Page 531 and 532:
Ilizwi leSizwe, Vol. 1, No 2, 18 Oc
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(b) Other Videos Hell’s Angel: Mo
Page 535 and 536:
(f) CD‐Roms Nelson Mandela: The s
Page 537 and 538:
Hector Pieterson Memorial and Museu
Page 539 and 540:
7. INTERVIEWS AND RECORDINGS OF SPE
Page 541 and 542:
William Beinart and Colin Bundy, Hi
Page 543 and 544:
Stephen Clingman, The Novels of Nad
Page 545 and 546:
Jurgen Habermas, The Structural Tra
Page 547 and 548:
Dominic LaCapra, Writing History, W
Page 549 and 550:
David Morley and Ken Worpole (eds),
Page 551 and 552:
James D Sexton (ed), Son of Tecum U
Page 553 and 554:
Susan G Wynne (Compiler), South Afr
Page 555 and 556:
Elizabeth S Cohen, ‘Court Testimo
Page 557 and 558:
Brian Elliot, ‘Biography, Family
Page 559 and 560:
Baruch Hirson, ‘Ruth Schechter: F
Page 561 and 562:
Desiree Lewis, ‘Winnie Mandela: T
Page 563 and 564:
Bill Nasson, ‘A Sharecropper’s
Page 565 and 566:
Hilary Sapire, ‘African Political
Page 567 and 568:
Dora Taylor, ‘They Speak of Afric
Page 569 and 570:
Kwame Anthony Appiah, ‘Cosmopolit
Page 571 and 572:
Twentieth Century’, Paper present
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