The Individual, Auto/biography and History in South Africa

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1998. 203 Cartoonists working for a range of newspapers in South Africa including Zapiro (Jonathan Shapiro), and Francis, Dugmore and Rico constructed cartoon scenes which commented on various narrated various periods and arenas of Mandela’s life, or had cartoon characters comment on events and narratives. Sometimes, individual cartoons constructed and simultaneously commented on well‐worn narrations. 204 Mandela’s biography was even depicted on a tea towel as a “journey … from Robben Island to the rainbow nation”. 205 More photographic studies and coffee table books were produced as different publishers with corporate backing entered the market in Mandela’s life. 206 The world of film was not left behind in the scramble for Mandela’s life, and Mandela was made to make a “long walk to the box office”. 207 A number of cinematic biographies were made in the late 1990s. The first to arrive at the South African box office was Mandela, a feature length documentary made by Jo Menell and Angus Gibson. Made primarily for overseas audiences, it covered familiar themes, from Mandela’s career in the ANC through the Robben Island years to his eventual release. 208 Described as a “praise song” and a “love letter”, which “never questions Mandela’s actions nor interrogates his motives”, 209 South African viewers were alerted to the value of “the more ‘human’ aspects of the film”. They would be able to see shots of Mandela talking about his wardrobe with his advisors, 203 ‘Nelson R. Mandela 80 th Birthday, 18 July 1998’ (papyrus wall calendar), Continental Printers, c.1998. 204 See the cartoon compilation, Harry Dugmore, Stephen Frances and Rico Schacherl (eds), Nelson Mandela: A Life in Cartoons, Cape Town: David Philip, 1999. 205 ‘The Journey of Nelson Mandela from Robben Island to a Rainbow Nation’ (Tea Towel), The Blue Berry Textile Company, c. 1996. The tea towel drew substantially (seemingly without acknowledgement) on the rich visual record of Mandela’s public life, turning well‐known photographs into sketched biographic scenes. 206Peter Magubane, Nelson Mandela: Man of Destiny. A Pictorial Biography, Cape Town: Don Nelson, 1996 (supported by Agfa); Charlene Smith, Mandela (Cape Town: Struik, 1999). Another photographic history of resistance in South Africa which tried to make capital out of Mandela’s image, and based on Drum photographs, was Jürgen Schadeberg (ed), Mandela and the Rise of the ANC, Parklands: Jonathan Ball and Ad. Donker Publishers, 1990. 207Sunday Times, 13 October 1996. 208Mandela (Directed by Jo Menell and Angus Gibson, 1996). The US release of this documentary was delayed until 1997 in order to capitalise on the possibility of an Academy Award nomination. This nomination materialised and in 1997, Mandela took a “short walk to the Oscars”. See Sunday Times, 16 February 1997. 209Barry Ronge in Sunday Times, 13 October 1996. 263
eating breakfast and even shaving amid scenes in which he relates “amusing” and “moving” anecdotes about his life. 210 Alongside the familiar chronological narrative of Mandela’s life as one of courage, strength, determination and reconciliation, scenes of imtimacy, familiarity and charm served to reinforce the image of Mandela as father of the national family Another television documentary was released in 1999 as Mandela prepared to step down as president. The Long Walk of Nelson Mandela, a two hour programme told the story of “the man behind the myth”, and tried to examine Mandela’s “character, leadership and life’s method” through “intimate recollections” with his friends, political colleagues and adversaries, as well as Robben Island prisoners and jailers. The two‐hour long programme, also screened in two one‐hour portions, was made to be screened on PBS’s Frontline, the premiere public affairs documentary platform in the United States. While some remembered the young Mandela as having had “quite an early sense of his own historic destiny”, the film explored ‐ drawing on Anthony Sampson’s argument ‐ how he “transformed himself in prison” into “a mature leader and statesman”. Interviews with biographers Sampson and Richard Stengel served to illuminate what had “separate[d]” Mandela from ordinary people (“his singular pursuit of his life’s mission, his unwavering moral certitude, his own sense of destiny”), as well as “what made him like the rest of us” (his “vanity, his anger, his stubbornness”). 211 Feature films about Mandela’s life were also produced. One starring Sidney Poitier as Mandela and Michael Caine as F.W. de Klerk was shot in South Africa during 1996, and released under the title Mandela and De Klerk on cable television in the United States in early 1997. Hurriedly made, costing only $5‐million, and relying to a large extent on newsreel footage, the film was reviewed as “not an inspired piece of film making” and a “cheap walk to cable TV”. This would have been pleasing to South African filmmaker 210 Cape Times, 23 October 1996. 211 The Long Walk of Nelson Mandela (Produced by David Fanning and Indra deLanerolle for Unapix Entertainment, Story Street Productions and Films2People, Directed by Cliff Bestall, 1999). See the US PBS website, . Interestingly, Stengel was acknowledged in the production as a Mandela biographer and “co‐author” of Mandela’s memoirs. 264
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The Individual, Auto/biography and
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation
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committee members selected me to ta
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements
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Authorship, individuation and the b
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ABBREVIATIONS AAC All‐African Con
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INTRODUCTION The research for this
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transformation in the Eastern Cape?
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South African society provided the
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manifest dishonesty. Through a case
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genealogy of biographic mediation w
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tribute to Tabata that Taylor const
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CHAPTER ONE AUTO/BIOGRAPHY, NARRATI
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self‐constitution and the “styl
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intercourse entailed in this metaph
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1930s, with decreasing institutiona
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psychological characteristics” wh
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entextualised in diverse ways”, c
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While all mankind may be the subjec
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life’ and career as the focus hav
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development, a “narrative of inte
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denies the centrality of the subjec
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story, creating a ‘transferential
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een backward‐looking. Their commu
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[w]e need to attend to the historic
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enacted, lived in particular conjun
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‘representivity’ would constitu
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through particular enunciative stra
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ones. 114 Modernity gave rise to li
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These, in turn, have a profound eff
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are also to be found in the ‘stor
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historian, personal and political,
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sites of the ‘memorial complex’
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These biographies of ‘great polit
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der Post family. 17 Even Bertolt Br
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While the limitations of Jones’ b
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and work had emphasised the serious
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accused Mother Teresa of promulgati
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Mother Teresa, “hoping some of he
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sainthood”, the amount of miracle
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This biographic world of saint vene
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dared to be that person”. She “
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and popular circuits of exchange an
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institutions that make up the exhib
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participation in annual heroic comm
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Biographic memorial productions hav
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myths, while radio and television p
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the monument was removed during the
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about the past, as “political eli
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suggesting that use was merely made
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and “The Annual Salute to Greatne
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the use of his image”. 106 Moreov
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In this radical biographic interpre
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In addition to this standard biogra
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National Civil Rights Museum in Mem
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Although Mao’s image had been use
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more varied … [and] far more exci
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esistance hero in general, of hope
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issues about image‐making and aut
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Lumumba who could stand in oppositi
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CHAPTER THREE RESISTANCE STUDIES AN
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in “a wide range of inventive pol
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marginalised, grassroots people [an
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Since the 1970s, the terrain of res
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In an obvious sense, these studies
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Under the conditions of deepening r
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Crucially, this feature found expre
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established through his professiona
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scepticism, 35 the use of this noti
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“glimpse into the inner mind of o
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Higgs and Steven Gish also followed
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understand the background, politica
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national and land questions” conc
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Higgs’ study was largely a chrono
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South Africans to protest against t
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In these traditional ‘masculinist
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1980s in South African scholarship,
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academic institutions involved in t
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struggles over municipal controls d
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that during the 1950s, a period see
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away from biographic images of cons
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orthography with “self‐appointe
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middle section had vacillated. Anot
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Biography has also been a vehicle f
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After collecting oral testimony fro
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and ‘jumping the fence’ led to
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whose value depended on their accur
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(probably Nkadimeng) in a resettlem
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determine the voice and style in wh
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memory into a written academic prod
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Biography for social history was a
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esistance history sought to provide
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and La Hausse were completed by sch
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consciousness, conversations, and/o
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A foray into biography in the work
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ceased to be the major site for the
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study did not go far enough in the
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continued political role”. It was
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In exploring these issues of image,
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While Clingman’s study has posed
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state they contested”, as the col
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focusing on the creation of systems
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and survival against the onslaught
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and reconciliation in South Africa.
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accustomed to clear hierarchies bet
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South African public history. This
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unifier and a liberator of the mind
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these ways, the Mayibuye Centre was
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together, these booklets attempted
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Biography also provided the basis o
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As part of these transformations, M
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leader, Bill Andrews. 58 Written fr
Page 225 and 226: It is this biographic impetus which
Page 227 and 228: the post‐apartheid present, and t
Page 229 and 230: Ngcelwane, whose family had had bee
Page 231 and 232: of softnesses and roughnesses” of
Page 233 and 234: extended to other arenas of public
Page 235 and 236: These images of the Business Day re
Page 237 and 238: once stood in central Pretoria, was
Page 239 and 240: declared a national monument on 12
Page 241 and 242: University’s Mark Haywood felt th
Page 243 and 244: Ministry of Water Affairs and Fores
Page 245 and 246: to the present. This project would
Page 247 and 248: was missed to develop a complex her
Page 249 and 250: contemplation and celebration were
Page 251 and 252: Morris Isaacson High School, Regina
Page 253 and 254: The Museum was really inaugurated,
Page 255 and 256: through biographic presentation. Bu
Page 257 and 258: 2003. Thabo Mbeki expressed the poi
Page 259 and 260: In contrast, Ronnie Kasrils, Modise
Page 261 and 262: narratives and moral trajectories o
Page 263 and 264: visual terms as part of a president
Page 265 and 266: especially one who had been a long
Page 267 and 268: applications had to make a biograph
Page 269 and 270: In April 2003, the Nelson Mandela F
Page 271 and 272: ooklet was organised as a chronolog
Page 273 and 274: single sitting”. 191 However, it
Page 275: In 1999, Anthony Sampson, who had b
Page 279 and 280: (Mandela’s birth place), on the b
Page 281 and 282: “triumph of the human spirit”,
Page 283 and 284: sought to contest the tendency for
Page 285 and 286: deepening in Robben Island’s cult
Page 287 and 288: follow the advice of Anthony Sampso
Page 289 and 290: was asked to speak about the accuse
Page 291 and 292: new conditions of exile was the con
Page 293 and 294: importance of relations of cultural
Page 295 and 296: construction of Nelson Mandela has
Page 297 and 298: iography in public and commercial s
Page 299 and 300: artist, Jacob Khumalo, who had exhi
Page 301 and 302: epresentatives on the Nelson Mandel
Page 303 and 304: eliance, self‐respect and self‐
Page 305 and 306: PART TWO BEYOND MODERNIST HISTORY:
Page 307 and 308: marginality. Among the materials in
Page 309 and 310: Gradually, in drips and drabs, the
Page 311 and 312: While Fort Hare in the Eastern Cape
Page 313 and 314: for the field of political biograph
Page 315 and 316: microfilm collection contained a su
Page 317 and 318: and Karis may have received from Ta
Page 319 and 320: and reserve dwellers, arguing that
Page 321 and 322: Indeed, in this genealogy, the most
Page 323 and 324: and was conducted as part of a wide
Page 325 and 326: In making these assessments, Hirson
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policy that had envisaged redivided
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formation of APDUSA in January 1961
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“effectively … smashed within t
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opportunities that presented themse
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and verbal performances, which have
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political leadership was exercised
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CHAPTER SIX FROM COLLECTIVE LEADERS
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special protest meetings in convene
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upture was coming to a head, when h
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principles”. 18 Another aspect of
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included on the back cover of such
Page 349 and 350:
political training did not take pla
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pertinent to the themes of this cha
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cause, rather than the leader”. T
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341
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343
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345
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347
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asic passport‐type pen picture sa
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their prominent placement in public
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353
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of individualised leadership may ha
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political positions which rejected
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interesting that Taylor’s first w
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handwriting, which had been prepare
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ehabilitation. 96 This did not stop
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ooted in the past”, he suggested,
Page 381 and 382:
During 1949 and 1950, amid mounting
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“colour and strength” were impo
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Elsewhere on the left, Tabata’s b
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occurred in which Tabata was subjec
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Tabata, as an individual, bore a po
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making them “more careful about w
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teachers qualified to speak on matt
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Education for Barbarism marked Taba
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fulfil the same function” as ‘T
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state of anonymity to their true st
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of persecution and state harassment
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While Tabata’s presidency may hav
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final choice between the subterfuge
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circulated as the embodiment of its
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CHAPTER SEVEN DORA TAYLOR AND THE N
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Soon after Tabata arrived in Cape T
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historical understandings, Taylor
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was “tolerably easy”. In fact,
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her text had been “written in its
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the eastern Cape about which she wr
Page 421 and 422:
While she was writing The Rôle of
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out of the strains and pressures of
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who were involved in the movement c
Page 427 and 428:
moved into Gool’s newly rented ho
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off by expressing his “envy” of
Page 431 and 432:
They had a full life and she a full
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emotional and sexual desires as the
Page 435 and 436:
Fashioning Tabata’s biography Vir
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continued to rework and re‐edit T
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us”. Goolam Gool, he had argued,
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political practice”. Tabata assur
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Nine that the AAC and Unity Movemen
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authored pamphlets aimed at “clar
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production of I.B. Tabata made a mi
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political work in the movement, in
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political leadership. By that time,
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unleashing different forms of biogr
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their political exchanges. 9 Later,
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where “fierce debates and discuss
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education as well as mechanisms of
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identification”. This identity cl
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need for leadership”. Tabata invi
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Likewise, concepts of strategic val
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was also invited to join along with
Page 469 and 470:
fundamental and genuine manner and
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them. Sihlali’s presidentship of
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expressed had been “essentially h
Page 475 and 476:
By the 1950s, increased internal bl
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way of their own greatness?” 76 A
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“suspended” from the movement,
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Thereafter, Alexander and his comra
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“mounting to a climax”. Jane Go
Page 485 and 486:
From around 1960, leaders of the Un
Page 487 and 488:
The movement’s ‘architect’ al
Page 489 and 490:
with the other liberation movements
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The ADC was a means of Tabata “ri
Page 493 and 494:
ureaucratic abuse and of trying to
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econstituted APDUSA represented an
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NUM. They found instead a hostility
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significance of deceased ‘heroes
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A man … surrounded by a sea of pe
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and Alie and Ursula Fataar had assi
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491
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in “his contribution” to the li
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Almost unexpectedly, at his funeral
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497
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community of Lesseyton interred one
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The final entry of Tabata’s body
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heritage sites and collections. I w
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discovered heritage constructions o
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national heritage, even when those
Page 523 and 524:
elevant information from my researc
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disrespectful. And the fact that th
Page 527 and 528:
what I offer here is more than a st
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(e) Central Archives Depot, Pretori
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Ilizwi leSizwe, Vol. 1, No 2, 18 Oc
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(b) Other Videos Hell’s Angel: Mo
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(f) CD‐Roms Nelson Mandela: The s
Page 537 and 538:
Hector Pieterson Memorial and Museu
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7. INTERVIEWS AND RECORDINGS OF SPE
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William Beinart and Colin Bundy, Hi
Page 543 and 544:
Stephen Clingman, The Novels of Nad
Page 545 and 546:
Jurgen Habermas, The Structural Tra
Page 547 and 548:
Dominic LaCapra, Writing History, W
Page 549 and 550:
David Morley and Ken Worpole (eds),
Page 551 and 552:
James D Sexton (ed), Son of Tecum U
Page 553 and 554:
Susan G Wynne (Compiler), South Afr
Page 555 and 556:
Elizabeth S Cohen, ‘Court Testimo
Page 557 and 558:
Brian Elliot, ‘Biography, Family
Page 559 and 560:
Baruch Hirson, ‘Ruth Schechter: F
Page 561 and 562:
Desiree Lewis, ‘Winnie Mandela: T
Page 563 and 564:
Bill Nasson, ‘A Sharecropper’s
Page 565 and 566:
Hilary Sapire, ‘African Political
Page 567 and 568:
Dora Taylor, ‘They Speak of Afric
Page 569 and 570:
Kwame Anthony Appiah, ‘Cosmopolit
Page 571 and 572:
Twentieth Century’, Paper present
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