16.04.2013 Views

As determinantes locais da paradiplomacia: o caso dos municípios ...

As determinantes locais da paradiplomacia: o caso dos municípios ...

As determinantes locais da paradiplomacia: o caso dos municípios ...

SHOW MORE
SHOW LESS

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.

105<br />

border states’ governors are also much more likely to be involved in foreign policy. This fits with<br />

assumptions in the literature as these governors are more likely to meet with their counterparts in Cana<strong>da</strong><br />

and Mexico as well as deal with issues such as immigration and border security in a greater degree<br />

(McMILLAN, 2008, p. 244).<br />

3.1.1.3 Características Políticas<br />

<strong>As</strong>pecto distinto <strong>da</strong> segmentação objetiva se relaciona com as características<br />

políticas. Especificamente, o tema político-partidário toma grande parte <strong>dos</strong> estu<strong>dos</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>paradiplomacia</strong>. Ele está presente, basicamente, em dois vieses. O primeiro remete à relação<br />

entre parti<strong>dos</strong> <strong>dos</strong> governantes <strong>locais</strong> e do chefe de governo central. O segundo refere-se às<br />

próprias características do partido que assume o cargo executivo <strong>da</strong>s uni<strong>da</strong>des subnacionais<br />

(prefeitos e governadores), ou seja, se são mais abertos, do ponto de vista ideológico, às<br />

relações paradiplomáticas. O primeiro viés será exposto a seguir. A discussão ideológica será<br />

trata<strong>da</strong> na parte de segmentação perceptiva, mas somente por questões formais, porque se<br />

entende que o partido do prefeito é também um fator objetivo de diferenciação <strong>dos</strong><br />

<strong>municípios</strong>.<br />

esferas:<br />

Farfán e Schiavón (2005, p. 21) sintetizam bem as relações <strong>dos</strong> parti<strong>dos</strong> nas diversas<br />

It can be assumed that when the state governor belongs to the same political party as the federal<br />

executive, they share a similar political program. Therefore, the foreign policy put into effect by the<br />

Ministry of Foreign Affairs would be a good representation of the interests of these states internationally.<br />

In this way, the states whose governor shares the same political party affiliation with the federal executive<br />

do not have much incentive to participate in the international arena. Hence, low level international<br />

participation in these states should be observed. In contrast, those state governors who do not share the<br />

same political party affiliation with the federal executive should have different interests, and they should<br />

have more incentives to participate in the internationally.<br />

Apesar dessa hipótese, eles concluem que para o <strong>caso</strong> mexicano, empiricamente, ela<br />

não se verifica. “the fact that a state is governed by a political party different than the party<br />

governing at the federal level, is not a variable which explains the states’ level of international<br />

participation” (FARFÁN e SCHIAVÓN, 2005, p. 22).<br />

No <strong>caso</strong> norte-americano, novamente pode-se ver a interação <strong>da</strong> variável com a<br />

<strong>paradiplomacia</strong>. McMillan faz uso <strong>dos</strong> argumentos de Kincaid (1984), de que a variável<br />

“partido” pode auxiliar na explicação do porquê os governadores americanos tomam posições<br />

na política externa. Além disso, “as the governors’ party is always included in U.S. state<br />

politics literature and may be an explanatory factor, it is included in analysis. (…) Whether<br />

the governor’s party affiliation matches with that of the president is also coded as a dummy<br />

variable” (McMILLAN, 2008, p. 240).

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!