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625 Zerta, M., Schmidt, P.R., Stiller, C. & Landinger, H. (2008). Alternative World Energy Outlook (AWEO) and the role of hydrogen in a changing energy landscape. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33, 3021 – 3025.
ROBIN HOOD THEOREM: A WAY FOR ENERGY DISTRIBUTION IN GHANA Abstract Emmanuel Ndzibah Dept. of Technology, Industrial Management University of Vaasa, P.O. Box 700, 65101 Vaasa, Finland, 626 The Robin Hood theorem borrows the essence of the strategy used by a character in a British folklore by the same name, in providing resources for the deprived. This study aims at exploring the same notion in a realistic way, thus giving power to the people. As a proposed theorem the study aims at promoting strategies that could help the Energy Commission of Ghana (ECG) to deploy protocols enabling a fair distribution of energy to every consumer. In Ghana, people living in the rural areas are usually considered as having irregular source of income, lack of credit and loan facilities, thus making it relatively impossible for them to afford almost any form of renewable energy solutions. On the other hand, majority of the urban dwellers are home and /or business owners who spend huge amounts of money on energy especially electricity. These urban dwellers have access to aggressive credit and loan schemes which some take advantage of for the acquisition of house, creation of business and buying of cars, just to mention a few. Furthermore, the Robin Hood theorem helps promote social responsibility as a means of curbing due to the high density of pollution in the urban areas. The article is thus aimed at translating theorem into a systematic practice for the benefit of the economy of Ghana. Keywords: Robin Hood, social responsibility, energy, distribution, Ghana. Introduction Rapid increase in population and the consumption patterns of people at rural areas as well as urbanized centers have had its toll on the general resources of any given economy. Energy seen as the bedrock of every society is needed for a growing economy to flourish. In Ghana, many rural sectors do not have access to electricity (see also White, 2008; Abavana, 2004 and Leite et al, 2000). The government often spread out the hope of embarking on an extensive electrification project. However, lack of capacity, quality planning and sound framework always turns up to become the “Achilles´ heel” in economic development and sustainability. For those rural areas that are reached with the national grid, lack of capacity undermines the efficiency and reliability of systems; these are plagued with unauthorized excessive power outages making it impossible for the citizens in these communities to be able to utilize the full potential of the energy to increase productivity. Over the years there had been advocacy for a solar home solution (SHS) for the rural communities of developing countries. As thoughtful as some of these arguments and proposed models might sound, they most often than not miss the point in their generalization of systematically unproven panacea for the entire energy situation in
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AMOS MUMBA TARJA KETOLA (Eds) Respo
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Publisher Date of publication Vaasa
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CONTENTS Abstract in Finnish.......
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PART FIVE: CR MEASURES & STANDARDS
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PART ELEVEN: RESPONSIBLE LEADERSHIP
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PART ONE. COPORATE SUSTAINABILITY M
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Mr. Martin Clarke joined British Pr
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performances, e.g. cement productio
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“…identifying, managing and min
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The above list places emphasis acro
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Discussion: What Could Product Stew
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performance being awarded. Currentl
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CPA. 2007. Delivering sustainabilit
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Lewis. H. 2004. Defining product st
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ICRISAT - FROM A SUSTAINABLE POINT
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sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pi
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This action plan seems to produce g
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effects on nutrition and trace elem
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In figure two we can see the expend
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goods, but rather on insubstantial
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pressed to compete with an industri
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References CGIAR (2008). The Origin
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What is a Global Business Organizat
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The majority of the above seven cri
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38 3 Limited statement NAM 75 NAM /
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40 Statement 4 Limited Statement NA
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equirements, but at the same time b
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transition from EMS to SMS can be a
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adequate as an SMS in a GBO. Furthe
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48 Table 2: Detailed Description of
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50 substitution is recognized, but
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52 acted on Improvement Process Usi
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54 Boundary & interface between SMS
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56 System Component #6 - Value Chai
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58 requirements implemented actions
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Global Reporting Initiative (2006).
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van Tulder, R., van den Berghe, D.,
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esponsibilities to stakeholders and
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develop improvement and learning sy
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easonably well now and making them
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Responsible competitiveness The que
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examples? What are the main commitm
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Responsibility to users of products
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of independent research institutes
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development that capture and estima
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Hooghe L, Marks G. (2003). Unraveli
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Waddock, S. and Bodwell C. (2007).
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THE INTEGRATION OF CSR INTO BUSINES
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Theoretical Background Strategic CS
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against specific requirements. The
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industries (energy, utilities, oil
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Different Approaches to CSR The two
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• Electromagnetism and impact on
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Conclusions In the first stage of t
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Appendix A Level of integration of
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99 High Independent BU/Committee de
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101 McAdam, R. & Leonard, D. (2003)
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ECONOMIC DOWNTURN AND THE LANGUAGE
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105 Additionally, for Foucault, and
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Approach 107 The discussion in this
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need for firms to tighten their bel
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esult of economic-market system; th
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Resource Allocation and the Home of
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115 Such divergent views raise ques
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References Accountancy Age (2009) C
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IMAGE DIFFERENCIATION WITH CORPORAT
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121 argues that industries with a c
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123 Since not all stakeholders valu
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Empirical Findings The first propos
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127 The right amount of CR is when
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Environmentally Responsible Image D
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corporate responsibility can be a m
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References Ansoff, H. I. & McDonnel
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Miller, D. (1992). The Generic Stra
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SEED INDUSTRY RESPONSIBILITY TO AGR
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139 intellectual property protectio
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141 Thus, they stress their donatio
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Social Issues 143 Regarding the soc
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145 food system which in their opin
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DuPont (2002). Science, Solutions a
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IgNN (2008c). Brüssel will bessere
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A VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS OF THE ORGAN
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153 friendly ranges setting a trend
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The Main Factors Affecting The Grow
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157 Governments, particularly in Eu
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Table 4: Value addition at each sta
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organic cotton farms typically achi
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163 Cumulative value loss/ addition
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165
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167 own standards to certify variou
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Price difference in organic and con
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References 171 Alfoeldi, T., Fließ
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173 Fliessbach, A. and Mäder, P. (
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175 Sinden, J. A., Griffith, G. (20
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INSTITUTIONALISING IDEALISM: PATTER
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179 Social considerations include i
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Coercive Adoption 181 The second st
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of non-adopters; the moral content
Page 199 and 200:
References Ackerman, R. (1973). How
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Economist. (2008). The next questio
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Porter, M., & Kramer, M. (2002). Th
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CULTURAL CONTEXT OF CSR: COMPARATIV
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193 power is distributed unequally.
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195 Figure 1: Values Associated wit
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197 answering the questions. Most D
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Culture in Nation-Institutions 199
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201 In line with the collectivistic
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Stakeholders 203 From the field-lev
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Codes & Policies Volunteering Phila
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207 The wealth capacity-building in
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Hannigan, J. A. (2006). Social cons
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211 Thelen, K. & Steinmo, S. (1992)
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213 Historically, Danish companies
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215 survey was carried out by email
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217 role, especially in the 1990s,
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when CSR policies in Denmark were m
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221 The business areas of the Danfo
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223 While looking at the CSR Waves,
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225 marital affairs and on financia
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whether Danfoss is considered good
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229 the making of Danfoss’ Ethics
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have, from participating in interna
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Global Reporting Initiative. G3 Gui
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Negative List for Substances and Ma
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237 and three. In both approaches k
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239 protection/environmental enhanc
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241 sufficiently informed only by b
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Table 3: Traditional versus sophist
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• Dialogue needs to go beyond dis
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and needs of CSR-for-SD as outlined
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• evaluations are externally faci
Page 265 and 266:
251 • Values and cultural factors
Page 267 and 268:
References 253 ACCA The Association
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Freeman, R.E. 1984. Strategic Manag
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257 Pretty, J., Shah, P. 1994. Soil
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PART THREE: CORPORATE RESPONSIBILIT
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261 business houses should follow t
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263 One other problem faced in Indi
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CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY INI
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267 In spite of the increasing impo
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269 value, while either protecting
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identify the main trends of the CSR
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OIL AND GAS COMPANIES Table 1. CSR
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ENI EXXON PETROBRAS Evaluation of l
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TOTAL Promotion of several initiati
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e. Lack of Human Resources 279 The
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References Bevacqua, S. & Cascinai,
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PART FOUR: CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY
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285 During the past decades, litera
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287 research involved three Tuscan
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289 • in terms of preferences on
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291 followed by lack of resources a
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293 health and safety of the worker
Page 309 and 310:
References Adler, P. and S.-W. Kwon
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297 Russo A. and Tencati A. 2009, F
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299 by companies in order to contri
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301 economic growth it does not con
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Anttonen (2008) has divided chemica
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305 different types of consultative
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Picture 2. The BASF business model
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309 compounds are used in all indus
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311 Halme, M., Anttonen, M., Kuisma
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DOES OPEN INNOVATION STREGHTHEN COR
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Sustainable Change and CR 315 Due t
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317 OIM are all methods that open t
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319 expressive than an instrumental
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Results 321 It is new to accept and
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on process User mainly need- and kn
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325 interaction enables companies t
Page 341 and 342:
References Alvesson, M. (2005). Und
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329 Hübscher, M. & Müller, M. (20
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Walcher, D. (2007). Der Ideenwettbe
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333 The current context in which or
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335 existence and are able to survi
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337 particular the political and le
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339 local variants emerged in Scand
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341 However, these output oriented
Page 357 and 358:
Regarding the activity S2 ‘Stakeh
Page 359 and 360:
References Achterbergh, J., Vriens,
Page 361 and 362:
Nieuwkamp, B.E.M. (2008). De arbeid
Page 363 and 364:
FINANCIAL VALUE MEASUREMENT OF CORP
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351 responsibility issues (roadmap)
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353 financial valuation measures. T
Page 369 and 370:
Table 1. Features in the various ph
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sustainability data gathering and i
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Table 3. Sustainability-related GRI
Page 375 and 376:
Three Illustrations of Deriving and
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363 where it uses renewable resourc
Page 379 and 380:
References Adams, C. A. (2004). The
Page 381 and 382:
367 Niskala, M., & Schadewitz, H. (
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Huhtamäki (Materials) Kemira (Mate
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OKO (Finance) organization with who
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373 [1] Global Reporting Initiative
Page 389 and 390:
Introduction 375 The concepts relat
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Model Foundations First foundation
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As we can see in the Figure 2, on t
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381 model in subject. Through these
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383 For Schwartz and Bilsky (SCHWAR
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385 • Reaction: The organization
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Figure 7: Tripod of the sustainabil
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389 The second fundament of the mod
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Figure 10: Organizational Social Pe
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Figure 13: Wilber’s Model Source:
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Figure 15: Model of sustainable exc
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Figure 17: Proposal of model evalua
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399 Figure 19: Relationships took i
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Jung, C. F. (2003). Metodologia Cie
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Werre, Marco. & Marcel. Van Marrewi
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THE CASE OF SOCIAL ENTERPRISES: ARE
Page 421 and 422:
407 The present paper aims to revie
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Belgium Law of 13 April 1995 United
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Social Enteprise: Some Definitions
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The Social Entrepreneurship Accordi
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Figure 1 The blurring sectoral boun
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f) An initiative launched by a grou
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References Alter, S.K. (2004) Socia
Page 435 and 436:
A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE FAIRTRA
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423 constituting the social (Faircl
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425 Once economic behaviour is no l
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427 link to Fairtrade, in which Fai
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France: Producers and Competition 4
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UK: Producers and Competition 431 W
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that for Fairtrade to work it has t
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436 01/01/2007 01/01/2007 01/01/200
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438 01/01/2003 01/01/2003 01/01/200
Page 453 and 454:
440 Jaworski, A. & Coupland, N. (19
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PART SEVEN: PUBLIC - PRIVATE PARTNE
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444 It also examines the applicabil
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446 critical resources controlled b
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448 In October 2008, NVPC launched
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S$1 policy but perhaps other more i
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References Azlan A, Lim LL, Yahya S
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PART EIGHT: CORPORATE RESPONSIBILIT
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organizations, with different aims
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458 Decentralization and local gove
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460 When multiple actors involved i
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462 Governance, economy, social cap
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464 In this sense, analysing a terr
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Partnerships Social Capital 466 - S
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468 The level of civic participatio
Page 483 and 484:
Conclusion - Quality of the environ
Page 485 and 486:
Garvin, T. et al. (2009). Community
Page 487 and 488:
THE EFFECTS OF “DEPENDENCY” ON
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how, this dependence inhibits effec
Page 491 and 492:
478 the MNC effectively. This secti
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480 regulation via CSR policy, whic
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482 potential consumer base in each
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References 484 An Roinn Gnóthaí P
Page 499 and 500:
Lambe. A., Directors' Compliance St
Page 501 and 502:
INVESTIGATING THE PRINCIPLES OF COR
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490 economic and institutional deve
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492 and corporate governance. The w
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494 corporate stakeholders, of weal
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496 failures by corporate boards to
Page 511 and 512:
498 fashion", therefore I intend to
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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Page 515 and 516:
An Overview of Environmental Manage
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Feichtinger and Pregernig, 2005; Gr
Page 519 and 520:
Survey Questionnaire 506 The raw da
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Table 4. Variables used to compute
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inhabitants and workers) and the ex
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512 particular purchase, the incent
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514 which limits the adoption of be
Page 529 and 530:
Conclusions 516 The overall profile
Page 531 and 532:
Cuthill, M. (2002). Exploratory res
Page 533 and 534:
520 Lundberg, K., Balforsa, B. and
Page 535 and 536:
RELATIONAL GOVERNANCE AND THE DEVEL
Page 537 and 538:
524 national-level plans to constru
Page 539 and 540:
Relational Governance 526 One of th
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Case Studies: Vankorneft and the Ev
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The shape of Russian public CSR pol
Page 545 and 546:
Report on CSR in the forestry indus
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534 At the Turukhansk district leve
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536 Russian federal legislature vio
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538 The maintenance of the long-ter
Page 553 and 554:
References 540 Albareda, L., Lozano
Page 555 and 556:
542 Moon, J. (2004). Government as
Page 557 and 558:
PART NINE: RENEWABLE ENERGY 544
Page 559 and 560:
546 generating the various form of
Page 561 and 562:
• The lack of basic infrastructur
Page 563 and 564:
550 − A Tool for assessing the ec
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ARTICULATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND S
Page 567 and 568:
- Cramer Commission56, - Renewable
Page 569 and 570:
556 conditions + + + + + + + + Prop
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Figure 1 - Impacts of direct and in
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Figure 3 - Impacts of direct and in
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Figure 6 - Impacts of agricultural
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Agricultural practices have also im
Page 579 and 580:
566 Nevertheless, land-use changes
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- Discussion possibilities, - Free
Page 583 and 584:
References ACCS (2007a). AFS Standa
Page 585 and 586:
Renewable Fuels Agency (2008), The
Page 587 and 588: Abstract SUPPLY CHAIN ISSUES OF BIO
Page 589 and 590: 576 adjusted to the specific condit
Page 591 and 592: energy and logistics/SCM. Follow-up
Page 593 and 594: Madlener & Bachhiesl 2007 Perry & R
Page 595 and 596: Elghali et al. 2007 Madlener & Bach
Page 597 and 598: 584 on the other hand state that a
Page 599 and 600: 586 expeller, olive cake and wood p
Page 601 and 602: 588 torrefaction and pelletisation
Page 603 and 604: Berglund, M. (2006). Biogas product
Page 605 and 606: SUSTAINABILITY CYCLE ASSESMENT OF B
Page 607 and 608: Figure 1. Cradle-to-grave grave app
Page 609 and 610: Table 1. Environmental, social cult
Page 611 and 612: Table 2. Environmental, social cult
Page 613 and 614: 600 In summary, while biodiesel is
Page 615 and 616: 602 nature after use: when the soli
Page 617 and 618: 604 the creation, refinement, use a
Page 619 and 620: Test Results 606 Biogases are envir
Page 621 and 622: ID=78&articleID=1163 608 WCED (1987
Page 623 and 624: 610 business of sustainability and
Page 625 and 626: Table 2. The Equator Principles and
Page 627 and 628: 614 Strategic orientation of firms
Page 629 and 630: 616 Natural gas fuels over 99 perce
Page 631 and 632: 618 building a Hydrogen Energy plan
Page 633 and 634: 620 principles that are related to
Page 635 and 636: Impact on Climate Change Conclusion
Page 637: Falck, O. & Heblich, S. Corporate s
Page 641 and 642: 628 communities have to contend and
Page 643 and 644: 630 to power basic devices like TV
Page 645 and 646: References Abavana, G. C, (2004). G
Page 647 and 648: INTRA-INDUSTRY IMITATION IN ENVIRON
Page 649 and 650: 636 The legislation has also contri
Page 651 and 652: In general, the larger the organisa
Page 653 and 654: Content Analysis 640 In order to be
Page 655 and 656: 642 One of the key questions in ass
Page 657 and 658: Table 4. Stakeholder considered by
Page 659 and 660: 646 Table 5. GRI indicators accordi
Page 661 and 662: Refferences Adams, C.A. (2004). The
Page 663 and 664: Gray, R. (2006). Does Sustainabilit
Page 665 and 666: SUPPLY CHAIN CORPORATE RESPONSIBILI
Page 667 and 668: 654 The sample was selected from th
Page 669 and 670: Table 2 Survey Categories used to E
Page 671 and 672: y reading the relevant sections. Th
Page 673 and 674: 660 Perhaps not surprisingly compan
Page 675 and 676: 662 Only 3 companies reported the e
Page 677 and 678: iodiversity (IPES, 2008). The IPES
Page 679 and 680: usiness level playing field and, wh
Page 681 and 682: 668 EICC. (2006). Electronic Indust
Page 683 and 684: PART ELEVEN: RESPONSIBLE LEADERSHIP
Page 685 and 686: Value Basis 672 Finding one’s tru
Page 687 and 688: 674 The lure of quick profits, stat
Page 689 and 690:
676 politics he talked and wrote ab
Page 691 and 692:
The Responsible Leadership Identiti
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villages of Bangladesh. He set up a
Page 695 and 696:
States: Building Blocks of Some Res
Page 697 and 698:
Conclusions Matching Individual, Or
Page 699 and 700:
686 The different characteristics o
Page 701 and 702:
Issue: Corporate Responsibility & D
Page 703 and 704:
690 society at large”. Other defi
Page 705 and 706:
Table 1. Reasons for implementing e
Page 707 and 708:
694 environment and develop a bette
Page 709 and 710:
696 Does this imply that corporate
Page 711 and 712:
and certifying environmental manage
Page 713 and 714:
Perspective from law, economics, an
Page 715 and 716:
702 However neither Japan nor Germa
Page 717 and 718:
704 community pressure, and environ
Page 719 and 720:
706 international competitiveness (
Page 721 and 722:
708 and Alberini 2002). The functio
Page 723 and 724:
Public Politics and Private Politic
Page 725 and 726:
these three actors have been strong
Page 727 and 728:
714 Imura, H. (2005). Japan's Envir
Page 729 and 730:
716 technical aspects of environmen
Page 731 and 732:
718 However, a more in-depth discus
Page 733 and 734:
720 empirically tested in a number
Page 735 and 736:
722 the level of awareness and envi
Page 737 and 738:
724 solutions might even exaggerate
Page 739 and 740:
References Albrecht, D., Bultena, G
Page 741 and 742:
728 Klein, K. J. & Kozlowski, S. W.
Page 743 and 744:
PART TWELVE: SMEs & CORPORATE RESPO
Page 745 and 746:
732 SMEs, Training and Sustainabili
Page 747 and 748:
734 The values of an SME are predom
Page 749 and 750:
SMEs, but these have rarely lived u
Page 751 and 752:
738 believe that this course of act
Page 753 and 754:
(Revell and Rutherfoord, 2003). The
Page 755 and 756:
Diagram 2: Conceptual Framework - F
Page 757 and 758:
Reference 744 Ammenberg, J. and Hje
Page 759 and 760:
746 Hall, G, 1989). Lack of Finance
Page 761 and 762:
748 Sheridan, P., (2001). Directors
Page 763 and 764:
750 theories focus on the transfera
Page 765 and 766:
752 traditional models of managemen
Page 767 and 768:
end of the fifth year of life marks
Page 769 and 770:
Figure 1 The model The Research The
Page 771 and 772:
The Area Selected and the Ccow Buff
Page 773 and 774:
760 The Plan must guarantee the att
Page 775 and 776:
Managerial Implications, Limits of
Page 777 and 778:
Freeman R.E. (1984). Strategic Mana
Page 779 and 780:
CSR-TOOLS FOR SMEs - COMPARATIVE AN
Page 781 and 782:
Features of CSR in SMEs 768 CSR was
Page 783 and 784:
770 mostly provide overviews and in
Page 785 and 786:
772 The CSR Quality Seal is essenti
Page 787 and 788:
774 into its strategic as well as o
Page 789 and 790:
Outcome and Conclusions 776 BLISS w
Page 791 and 792:
References Bhuiyan, N. & Bagehel, A
Page 793 and 794:
780 Honen, P. & Potts, J. (2007). C
Page 795 and 796:
782 SUPPLY - CHAIN ENVIRONMENTAL MA
Page 797 and 798:
784 offers a useful discussion and
Page 799 and 800:
786 22’ noted by Fanshawe (2000)
Page 801 and 802:
788 action) and the sense made of t
Page 803 and 804:
790 The latter provided clear benef
Page 805 and 806:
792 Figure 3 - Describing the Behav
Page 807 and 808:
794 Interestingly though, and despi
Page 809 and 810:
Summary and Comment 796 In the earl
Page 811 and 812:
de Wit, B. and Meyer, R. (1999). St
Page 813 and 814:
Remenyi, D., Williams, B., Money, A
Page 815 and 816:
FACTORS AFFECTING THE ENGAGING IN C
Page 817 and 818:
804 this issue can be examined with
Page 819 and 820:
Table 1 List of factors affecting f
Page 821 and 822:
voluntariness” proposed by Moore
Page 823 and 824:
Table 2: The state of CSR practices
Page 825 and 826:
Table 3 Factor analysis: variables
Page 827 and 828:
814 However, there are also challen
Page 829 and 830:
Grayson, D. (2004). How CSR Contrib
Page 831 and 832:
Spence, L. J. , & Rutherfoord, R. (
Page 833 and 834:
820 This paper draws on both primar
Page 835 and 836:
Case Studies 822 The case studies e
Page 837 and 838:
Rationale and Start up 824 In this
Page 839 and 840:
826 own standards, and those of her
Page 841 and 842:
828 Finally all three of these case
Page 843 and 844:
References Journal Articles 830 Goo
Page 845 and 846:
CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY: A CRICIAL
Page 847 and 848:
834 The most visible parts of the c
Page 849 and 850:
Accordingly, referring to Basu and
Page 851 and 852:
measures on the other hand show hug
Page 853 and 854:
policies are accompanied by company
Page 855 and 856:
Conclusion 842 The described percep
Page 857 and 858:
Eckert, S. et al. (2007). Nachhalti
Page 859 and 860:
Nielsen, A.E. & Thomsen, C. (2009)
Page 861 and 862:
PART THIRTEEN: CONSUMERS AND ETHICS
Page 863 and 864:
850 (www.fairtrade.net). Different
Page 865 and 866:
852 Organizations International) an
Page 867 and 868:
854 The first step of the research
Page 869 and 870:
Table 1- Knowledge measurement stat
Page 871 and 872:
• Quality aspect: quality of the
Page 873 and 874:
References Blowfield, Mick. (2003).
Page 875 and 876:
GAMBLING, SMOKING AND DRINKING: WHA
Page 877 and 878:
864 assistance was given by license
Page 879 and 880:
261) suggested that they had some i
Page 881 and 882:
868 or banned altogether. Only one
Page 883 and 884:
Lantos, G.P. (1999). ‘Motivating
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