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2.1.1. En lekende holdning og en paratelisk tilstand<br />
Søbstad (1995) påpeker at lek er tegn på en paratelisk tilstand. Denne<br />
tilstanden står i motsetning til en telisk tilstand. Begrepene er hentet fra Apter<br />
(1982). Apter (ibid. s. 47) definerer begrepene som følger:<br />
«The telic state is defined as a phenomenological state in which the<br />
individual is primarily oriented towards, or feels the need to be<br />
primarily oriented towards, some essential goal or goals. The paratelic<br />
state, in contrast, is defined as a state in which the individual is<br />
primarily oriented towards, or feels the need to be primarily oriented<br />
towards, some aspect of his continuing behaviour and its related<br />
sensations.»<br />
Apter (ibid. s. 52) presenterer en liste over kontrasterende kjennetegn på hhv.<br />
den teliske og parateliske tilstanden.<br />
A. Meansends<br />
dimension<br />
B. Time<br />
dimension<br />
C. Intensity<br />
dimension<br />
36<br />
Telic Paratelic<br />
Essential goals<br />
Imposed goals<br />
Unavoidable goals<br />
Reactive<br />
Goal-oriented<br />
End-oriented<br />
Attempts to complete<br />
activity<br />
Future-oriented<br />
‘Points beyond itself’<br />
Planned<br />
Pleasure of goal anticipation<br />
High significance preferred<br />
Low intensity preferred<br />
Synergies avoided<br />
Generally realistic<br />
Low arousal preferred<br />
No essential goals<br />
Freely-chosen goals<br />
Avoidable goals<br />
Proactive<br />
Behaviour-oriented<br />
Process-oriented<br />
Attempts to prolong activity<br />
Present-oriented<br />
‘Sufficient unto itself’<br />
Spontaneous<br />
Pleasure of immediate<br />
sensation<br />
Low significance preferred<br />
High intensity preferred<br />
Synergies sought<br />
Make-believe prevalent<br />
High arousal preferred
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