Azura-Edo Independent Power Plant Environmental Impact ... - IFC

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With regard to coal-fired generating power, there are few reliable projections of the potential capacity that could be (economically) extracted from this fuel source. Having reached a peak of just 730,183 tonnes per annum in 1965, the country’s coal production declined in the subsequent decades until, by the early 1990s, coal production had declined to less than 100,000 tonnes per annum. For several years, the Federal Bureau of Public Enterprises has been trying to privatise some of the coal mines owned by the Nigerian Coal Corporation; but it appears to have met with little success (Azura Power, 2011). The results in Table 3.7 demonstrate that emissions from a coal-fired power plant in comparison to an OCGT or CCGT power plant are significantly higher for all pollutants with the exception of greenhouse gases. Based on this; coal firing is considered the least favourable option from an air quality perspective. Whilst the emissions from the oil-fired station are not as high as a coal-fired station, they are significantly higher for both NO x and SO 2 than the gas-fired options. The oil-fired scenario is also the highest emitter of greenhouse gases, due to the higher emissions of N 2O. Table 3.7 Fuel Alternatives Analysis Emissions (tonnes/yr) 1,2,3,4 Base Case: Open Cycle Gas Turbine (OCGT) Power Plant Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) Power Plant Coal fired station 5 Oil fired station 6 Standard Pollutants NO x 1154 697 19602 9693 CO 1577 952 5201 516 SO 2 34 20 35492 3753 Particulate Matter (PM 10/PM 2.5) 119 72 12329 132 Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) 136 82 2149 129 Greenhouse Gases (GHG) CO 2 2329 1406 4071 3138 CH 4 1017 614 30 301 N 2O 65 39 34 602 CO 2(e) 43856 26470 15363 196018 1 For NOx, CO, NMVOCs, CO2, CH4, N2O emission factors from EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook, European Environment Agency, 2007 were used. 2 For SO2 and Particulate Matter, emission factors from AP-42, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, US EPA, Sections 1.1 and 1.3 (updated 1998 and 2010) were used. 3 For the gas turbines, the ratio of the actual manufacturer emissions of NOx and CO for the base case were used to scale the emissions predicted using the general emission factors. 4 To apply the emission factors, the following indicative efficiencies were assumed: 56% CCGT and 33% coal-fired / oil-fired 5 To convert the emission factors for SO2 and Particulate Matter, a calorific value of coal was assumed of 5500 cal/g. 6 To convert the emission factors for SO2 and Particulate Matter, a calorific value of oil was assumed of 140 MMBTU/1000 US gal. Apart from hydropower and coal-fired power, the only other major source of base-load fuel consists of the country’s natural gas reserves. These are currently estimated at 187 Tcf and the general industry expectation is that, for AZURA EDO IPP 3-27 DRAFT EIA REPORT
the next 20 years, the vast bulk of all new power generating capacity will consist of gas-fired power plants similar to the one being developed by the Azura-Edo IPP. A significant increase in the plant’s overall efficiency could be possible via conversion of the currently proposed OCGT configuration to a CCGT configuration. A CCGT would result in 40 percent less air emissions compared to the OCGT configuration, based on improved efficiency of the CCGT option. However, the conversion to a CCGT plant is only economically viable under a certain set of conditions which are largely dependent on the price of natural gas and the electricity tariff. Although it is currently difficult to assess if and when such a conversion will become possible, the current power plant design has been developed so as to allow for a future conversion to a CCGT power plant AZURA EDO IPP 3-28 DRAFT EIA REPORT
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Public Disclosure Authorized Public
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Azur
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• Screening and scoping • Basel
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In addition to predicted impacts fr
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International Standards and Guideli
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Figure 1 Layout of Proposed Power P
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Type of Emission Solid waste All so
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NIPP were used for NO 2. The result
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analysis are both qualitative and q
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other forms of salary jobs or servi
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Table 4 Summary of Impacts, Mitigat
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Impact Impact Description Phase Pre
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Box 2 Mitigation Hierarchy for Plan
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safety impacts are reduced to minor
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5.2 METHODOLOGY 5-2 5.3 DEMOGRAPHIC
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Annex G - Unplanned Events and Emer
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IAEA International Atomic Energy Ag
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1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND This
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1.2.2 Project Context The Project w
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Table 1.1 The EIA Team Name Organis
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EIA, sampling has been completed fo
Page 51 and 52: events is therefore assessed in ter
Page 53 and 54: Federal Ministry of Environment Pri
Page 55 and 56: Edo State Waste Management Board Th
Page 57 and 58: The proposed Project requires an EI
Page 59 and 60: as a building or irrigation system)
Page 61 and 62: instrument for monitoring and contr
Page 63 and 64: Convention Concerning the Protectio
Page 65 and 66: Box 1.2 World Bank Safeguard Polici
Page 67 and 68: • Step 5. Stakeholder Consultatio
Page 69 and 70: Chapter Title Description 8 Mitigat
Page 71 and 72: commensurate sums that will need to
Page 73 and 74: operation of the Project. The imple
Page 75 and 76: 2.4.3 Social Sustainability A detai
Page 77 and 78: signing of a Memorandum of Understa
Page 79 and 80: Key Component OCGT Associated Machi
Page 81 and 82: Gas Turbine Building The four gas t
Page 83 and 84: Government parastatal that has been
Page 85 and 86: 3.2.10 Fire Protection The gas turb
Page 87 and 88: foundations and is associated with
Page 89 and 90: SI. No Waste Water 3. Water Based S
Page 91 and 92: 3.3.4 Administration Buildings The
Page 93 and 94: the area reserved for the HRSG and
Page 95 and 96: 3.6 OPERATION 3.6.1 Maintenance It
Page 97 and 98: Job title Level of Skill Business M
Page 99 and 100: Figure 3.2 Staff Organogram Plant M
Page 101: 3.8.2 Alternative Site Location Sev
Page 105 and 106: climate but straddles the Tropical
Page 107 and 108: The relative humidity of Nigeria is
Page 109 and 110: 4.4 GEOLOGY The Study Area is locat
Page 111 and 112: 4.5.1 Soil Types 4.5.2 Soil Quality
Page 113 and 114: season and were observably lower du
Page 115 and 116: increased with depth, showing a sig
Page 117 and 118: subsoil (15.00 - 35.00 x 10 3 cfu/g
Page 119 and 120: higher heterotrophic fungi concentr
Page 121 and 122: The results of the inorganic and or
Page 123 and 124: cfu/100ml at Orior-Osemwende during
Page 125 and 126: Air quality measurements were taken
Page 127 and 128: Figure 4.6 Sampling Locations for N
Page 129 and 130: Sample Code Noise Level - dB (A) A7
Page 131 and 132: Figure 4.7 Sampling Points ((Flora)
Page 133 and 134: All flora habitats surveyed were fo
Page 135 and 136: Figure 4.12 Fallow Land with Guinea
Page 137 and 138: Figure 4.16 A view of re-growing se
Page 139 and 140: Figure 4.19 Plant Species Discorea
Page 141 and 142: Conservation Status Scientific Name
Page 143 and 144: Species identified in the project a
Page 145 and 146: Urho-Nisen-Urho-Nisen, which will b
Page 147 and 148: • Participation of those with acc
Page 149 and 150: Table 5.2 Key Socio-Economic Indica
Page 151 and 152: Figure 5.3 Age Distribution, Edo St
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were classed as vulnerable by virtu
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Orior-Osemwende Orior-Osemwende is
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the communities within the Project
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Figure 5.6 Traditional Leadership S
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conflict could be a problem in the
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There are distinct gender divisions
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Petty Trading According to FGDs som
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the house. Almost a quarter of hous
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have no formal schooling; while app
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Name of sacred site worshipped in c
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Figure 5.11 Map showing the locatio
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stretches of the walls and moats re
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Figure 5.14 The Location of Moats S
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native doctors or herbalists. With
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project and its potential impacts (
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The Project identified the Nigerian
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Figure 6.2 Community Engagement in
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Figure 6.6 Consultation with the Ed
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Details of the asset census survey
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Stakeholder Engagement Engagement A
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6.5 KEY ISSUES RAISED This section
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6.6 PROJECT GRIEVANCE MECHANISM Gri
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to ensure that projects can proceed
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7 BIOPHYSICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC IM
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2. Evaluation of the importance (or
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In addition to predicted impacts, t
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Significance for Socio-economic Imp
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Table 7.2 Species Value / Sensitivi
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Box 7.4 Mitigation Hierarchy for Pl
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AERMOD is considered to be appropri
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Figure 7.2 Wind Roses for Bohicon,
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Country Averaging period Recommende
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The WHO guidelines are particularly
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7.3.5 Receptors per year for a sing
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7.3.6 Impact Description and Signif
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Process Emissions: NO x and CO The
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Figure 7.5 1 h maximum NO 2, the Pr
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The values in Table 7.13 will there
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impacts exactly or take account of
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Figure 7.6 Operational noise levels
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also be required for the burial of
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The impact of the Project on water
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Artanema longifolium (a flowering p
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Table 7.18 Summary of Impact Signif
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The site will also generate general
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include estimates for the physical
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7.10.2 Impact Description and Signi
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for impacts to demographics during
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As discussed above, and due to the
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Project’s construction phase will
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during decommissioning is expected
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Due to the high unemployment rate i
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contract workers. An additional num
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enefit the local communities. These
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impact on a small number of inhabit
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Besides the construction of the pla
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• Psychological impacts associate
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7.15.4 Impact Description and Signi
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Impact Significance The extent of t
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• Bitumen shall not be overheated
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8.2.2 Operation With the implementa
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• Oil interceptors and silt traps
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• All surface water or other cont
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• Reduce or prevent off-site sedi
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8.5.2 Operation • After construct
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8.6.2 Operation • Waste shall be
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8.8 ECONOMIC RESETTLEMENT As noted
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impacts over the operations period.
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Effective and ongoing implementatio
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• Frequent and regular disclosure
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8.12.2 Operational The mitigation m
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8.13.2 Operation reduce the potenti
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• Personal Protective Equipment (
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8.14.3 Decommissioning The health a
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Figure 9.1 Annual mean NO 2, cumula
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Table 9.1 Summary of cumulative imp
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impact is not due to the operation
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9.3 SOILS AND GEOLOGY The implement
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9.10 EMPLOYMENT AND ECONOMY The Pro
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10 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEM
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Table 10.1 Environmental Management
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10.2.2 Communication Azura Power wi
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The management of change procedure
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Impacts Management Plans Impacts to
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frequency of this reporting will be
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Ref # Potential impact Desired Outc
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Table 10.4 Construction Phase: Envi
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Ref # Potential impact contaminatio
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Ref # Potential impact applied work
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Ref # Potential impact safety impac
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Table 10.5 Operational Phase: Envir
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Ref # Potential impact 3.4 Water Re
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Ref # Potential impact 3.10 Impacts
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Ref # Potential impact 3.12 Potenti
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impacts were considered to be negli
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Federal Environmental Protection Ag
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World Health Organization (2007) pH
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