Interpersonal Communication- A Mindful Approach to Relationships, 2020a

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Defining Competence ............................................................................................................................ 14 Understanding Competence................................................................................................................... 15 Characteristics of Competence ............................................................................................................... 15 Skillful ............................................................................................................................................... 15 Adaptable ......................................................................................................................................... 16 Involved ............................................................................................................................................ 16 Understands Their Audience ........................................................................................................... 16 Cognitive Complexity ....................................................................................................................... 16 Self-Monitoring ................................................................................................................................. 17 1.4 Types of Human Communication ......................................................................................................... 18 Intrapersonal Communication ............................................................................................................... 18 Interpersonal Communication ............................................................................................................... 19 Small Group Communication ................................................................................................................ 19 Public Communication ........................................................................................................................... 20 Mediated Communication ..................................................................................................................... 20 1.5 Understanding Mindful Communication ............................................................................................... 21 Defining Mindfulness ............................................................................................................................. 22 Towards a Mindfulness Model .............................................................................................................. 23 Mindful Awareness ........................................................................................................................... 23 Mindful Practice ............................................................................................................................... 23 Attention ..................................................................................................................................... 24 Intention ..................................................................................................................................... 24 Attitude ....................................................................................................................................... 24 Five Facets of Mindfulness ..................................................................................................................... 25 Observing ......................................................................................................................................... 25 Describing ......................................................................................................................................... 25 Acting with Awareness ...................................................................................................................... 26 Nonjudging of Inner Experience ..................................................................................................... 26 Nonreactivity to Inner Experience ................................................................................................... 26 Interpersonal Communication and Mindfulness ................................................................................... 28 Chapter Wrap-Up ........................................................................................................................................ 30 Chapter 2: Overview of Interpersonal Communication .................................................................................... 37 2.1 Purposes of Interpersonal Communication ........................................................................................... 38 Meeting Personal Needs......................................................................................................................... 38 Communicating and Meeting Personal Needs ...................................................................................... 39 Learning About Self and Others ............................................................................................................ 40 Building and Maintaining Relationships ................................................................................................ 41 Uncertainty Reduction Theory .............................................................................................................. 42 2.2 Elements of Interpersonal Communication ........................................................................................... 43 Sender ..................................................................................................................................................... 44 Receiver .................................................................................................................................................. 44 Message ................................................................................................................................................... 44 Channel................................................................................................................................................... 45 Feedback ................................................................................................................................................. 45 Environment ........................................................................................................................................... 45 Noise ....................................................................................................................................................... 46 2.3 Perception Process ................................................................................................................................. 48 Perception ............................................................................................................................................... 48 Attending ................................................................................................................................................ 50 Interpersonal Communication ii
Organizing .............................................................................................................................................. 51 Interpreting ............................................................................................................................................. 51 Personal Experience ......................................................................................................................... 51 Involvement ...................................................................................................................................... 52 Expectations ..................................................................................................................................... 52 Assumptions ..................................................................................................................................... 52 Relational Satisfaction....................................................................................................................... 52 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 52 2.4 Models of Interpersonal Communication ............................................................................................. 53 Action Models ........................................................................................................................................ 54 Shannon-Weaver Model .................................................................................................................. 54 Early Schramm Model ..................................................................................................................... 54 Berlo’s SMCR Model ....................................................................................................................... 55 Interaction Models ................................................................................................................................. 56 Osgood and Schramm Model .......................................................................................................... 56 Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson Model ......................................................................................... 57 Transaction Models ................................................................................................................................ 58 Barnlund’s Transactional Model ..................................................................................................... 59 The Importance of Cues ............................................................................................................ 59 The Importance of Context ....................................................................................................... 59 The Importance of Noise .......................................................................................................... 59 Transaction Principles ................................................................................................................ 60 Communication is Complex ................................................................................................ 60 Communication is Continuous ............................................................................................ 60 Communication is Dynamic ................................................................................................ 61 Final Note ................................................................................................................................... 61 Towards a Model of Mindful Communication ...................................................................................... 61 2.5 Interpersonal Communication Skills...................................................................................................... 63 Listening Skills ........................................................................................................................................ 63 People Skills ........................................................................................................................................... 64 Emotional Intelligence............................................................................................................................ 64 Appropriate Skill Selection .................................................................................................................... 64 Communicating Ethically ....................................................................................................................... 64 We advocate truthfulness, accuracy, honesty, and reason as essential to the integrity of communication. 64 We endorse freedom of expression, diversity of perspective, and tolerance of dissent to achieve the informed and responsible decision making fundamental to a civil society...................................... 65 We strive to understand and respect other communicators before evaluating and responding to their messages. .......................................................................................................................................... 65 We promote access to communication resources and opportunities as necessary to fulfill human potential and contribute to the well-being of individuals, families, communities, and society. ....... 65 We promote communication climates of caring and mutual understanding that respect the unique needs and characteristics of individual communicators. .................................................................. 66 We condemn communication that degrades individuals and humanity through distortion, intimidation, coercion, and violence, and through the expression of intolerance and hatred. ............................. 66 We are committed to the courageous expression of personal convictions in pursuit of fairness and justice. ............................................................................................................................................... 66 We advocate sharing information, opinions, and feelings when facing significant choices while also respecting privacy and confidentiality............................................................................................... 66 iii Interpersonal Communication
Page 1 and 2: Interpersonal Communication 1 In In
Page 3: Contents Preface ..................
Page 7 and 8: Introversion/Extraversion .........
Page 9 and 10: Proxemics .........................
Page 11 and 12: Analyzing .........................
Page 13 and 14: Avoiders ..........................
Page 15 and 16: Solitary Survivor (Retired) .......
Page 17 and 18: Resource ..........................
Page 19 and 20: Reactions to Hurtful Messages .....
Page 21 and 22: Control, in, and of itself, is neit
Page 23 and 24: One of the inherent limitations of
Page 25 and 26: NACADA Journal (National Associatio
Page 27 and 28: day message family Now might relati
Page 29 and 30: “interpersonalness.” On the oth
Page 31 and 32: physical symptoms. It is vital for
Page 33 and 34: information with other people. We c
Page 35 and 36: etween serious versus non-serious i
Page 37 and 38: If, however, you’ve had a bad exp
Page 39 and 40: Religion can also impact what you v
Page 41 and 42: used to harsh language or foul lang
Page 43 and 44: Self-Monitoring The last characteri
Page 45 and 46: Today scholars view the term “int
Page 47 and 48: cable, satellite television, the Wo
Page 49 and 50: Towards a Mindfulness Model Shauna
Page 51 and 52: are). 4. L stands for love (being k
Page 53 and 54: The last facet of mindfulness is
Page 55 and 56:
psychological in nature). Simply, t
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Real World Case Study Noam is a fre
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References 1 Bochner, A. P. (1989).
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Illuminating the theory & practice
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Image by Sasint from Pixabay Chapte
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As the arrow in Figure 2.1 indicate
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Discovering Self-Concept - Who are
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In another study, researchers sough
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Channel With advances in technology
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and just close your eyes. Focus on
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Figure 2.3a The Rubin Vase - based
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is normal behavior. We are so focus
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In this section, we have discussed
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The Shannon-Weaver model was critic
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MESSAGE Encoder Interpreter Decoder
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In 1970, Dean C. Barnlund created t
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As a receiver, you can keep trying
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of information from a source or sen
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The first statement in the credo fo
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feelings on this subject. When it c
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End of Chapter Quiz 1. Paul tells J
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20 Model. (2020). BusinessDictionar
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Image by johnhain from Pixabay Chap
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Thoughtful Conversely, the top ten
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The final characteristic of Rogers
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ased on facts. For example, many pe
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Mindfulness Activity One of the bea
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According to Simon, Vulture (‘vul
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• Is thinking this way helping me
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provided some interesting stories,
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1. Temperament is biologically dete
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Personality: • https://projects.f
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Neuroticism is the degree to which
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is a form of social organization wh
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Although relatively little research
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1. Lack of affect in interpersonal
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• Watch the following interview c
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sion-24 (PRCA-24). 75 If you have n
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gender (feminine males, masculine f
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tion sensitivity. In a set of thre
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7. Increased fear of rejection. 8.
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End of Chapter Key Terms • Affect
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etween self-esteem and communicatio
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https://psychcentral.com/lib/challe
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73 Buss, A. (2009). Anxious and sel
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119 Interpersonal Communication
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Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay
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ferent perceptions. The same thing
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Abstract Information Research Acade
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little “cuddle monster” because
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have perceptions about yourself. Th
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unique spellings of names. Names ca
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generally inflamed by this rhetoric
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We can decrease affiliation with ot
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The business world is full of jargo
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e in hot water Be in trouble. If yo
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she’s a doll full of beans full o
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types of improper language: vulgari
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doing this activity, try to be more
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Read Lastly, you should read regula
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Finally, this chapter discusses the
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References 1 Lakoff, R. T. (2001).
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expressions if everyone’s face wa
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meanings of crossing one’s arms.
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wife in high school. During a skit,
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Accenting is a form of nonverbal co
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daily lives, such as greeting, comf
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Instructions: Read the following qu
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Dysfluencies, Vocal Fillers, or Ver
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Proxemics is the study of communica
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of products available to enhance en
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_____9. _____10. I think my metabol
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care for, and take pleasure in your
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As we’ve discussed with mindfulne
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Instructions: Please read each sent
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Second, individuals must believe no
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End of Chapter Key Terms • Accent
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References 1 Eckman, P and Friesen,
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44 Ibid. 45 Richmond, V. P., Smith,
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Figure 6.1 Traditional costumes and
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In addition to a dominant culture,
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6.2 The Function of Culture Learnin
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cultural group(s). In the case of c
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Exercises • Think about a group t
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Geert Hofstede Another very importa
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U.S. is number 19 out of 76); where
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80/17475759.2017.1292944 Stella Tin
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ideas to your co-culture. Does your
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figure out where that stereotype ca
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One day Roy and Jalissa were hangin
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References Culture: A critical rev
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and versare (turn): “conversation
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Diatribe Lastly, Angle discusses th
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discourage self-disclosure) • Phy
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Entitlements and Enhancements The f
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can see in Figure 7.3, the Johari W
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process by which you interact with
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they have to say, we may end up bei
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If we achieve discriminative listen
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The final listening style is the ti
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Step Four: Now subtract B from C. P
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Positive Characteristics Give cues
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Ronald Adler, Lawrence Rosenfeld, a
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is used to show that you identify w
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make this situation better?” The
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women should behave in public. Wome
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End of Chapter Key Terms • Analyz
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References 1 Apps, J. (2014). The a
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conversation isn’t easy, but it i
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Image by ID 1715736 from Pixabay Ch
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you were to approach your mom, she
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curvaceous ideal of Marilyn Monroe
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how to handle financial issues. So
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stage, we are primarily interested
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partners disagree about what is opt
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Exercises • Find video clips onli
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This tension deals with self vs. ot
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deal with integration vs. separatio
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4. Picked up friends 5. Confirmed p
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possess a treasure trove of informa
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Ludic lovers view love as a game, a
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8.6 How Gender Affects Relationship
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Exercises • As a class, ask every
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End of Chapter Quiz 1. Picking a se
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26 Rosenfeld, L. B. (2000). Overvie
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Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay
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From this perspective, conflict is
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ly. Here are some examples of confl
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Feelings: Feelings tell us “how t
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Instead, people need to avoid these
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are moralistic judgments where we i
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communicated with each other. Speci
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In 1958 social psychologist Herbert
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Legitimate The fourth base of power
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the power we have over others as we
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Interpretation Each of the four par
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Conflict Management Tactic Definiti
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think, listen, and then communicate
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aggressive. Conversely, you have to
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End of Chapter Key Terms • Accide
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5. Hodoya is a Canadian union leade
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nations and applications. Allyn & B
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Beverley Fehr was one of the first
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your friendships. Why did you decid
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interpersonal goals, while maintain
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On the other side, we do depend on
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1. When you’re with your friends,
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This does not discount the possibil
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if the time arises. are ones that
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they considered friends. Although n
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• Use criticism and insults as we
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the nature of gender differences an
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Sexuality The obvious next step in
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sex (and it appears that most do),
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universities, the government, and h
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it’s not mutual, then we’re not
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perspective for communication schol
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Friendship processes 2 Hruschka, D.
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Personal Relationships (pp. 391-410
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Image by Brad Dorsey from Pixabay C
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Statistical Definition of ‘Family
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almost anything to be considered a
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The fifth trait of a family deals w
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To further explain the concepts of
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Fork Pin Third Wheel First Wheel Ho
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communicate with others. Norms, on
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same end result using multiple star
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Genogram Symbols Basic Symbols Male
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Vader is a slightly distant father
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y social-construction or intra-psyc
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“dinks,” dual incomes, no kids.
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The typical final stage in the fami
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warmth are more likely to engage in
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sibling is a great way to enjoy eac
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11.4 Marriage Relationships Learnin
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Sharing The third dimension of marr
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overly assertive in their conflict
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Chapter Wrap-Up As we discussed at
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c. Genogram d. Genealogy tree 4. In
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25 Kerr, M. E., & Bowen, M. (1988).
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71 Umberson, D., Thomeer, M. B., Kr
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12.1 Technology and Communication L
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creation of a system that could all
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(Figure 12.4). The invention of IRC
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In this section, we’re going to d
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newspapers in the 1880s often used
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Third, netiquette attempts to gover
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Instructions: This set of questions
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her/him/themselves occupied (e.g.,
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themed posts. Pitcan, M., Marwick,
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ut the goal is to provide a space w
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Psychosocial Crisis Trust vs. Mistr
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and wanted to share a meme, but rea
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Even J. K. Rowling (of Harry Potter
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They found five basic reasons peopl
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those possible in traditional FtF i
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She decides to download the app and
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The History Channel. https:// www.h
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47 Bullingham, L., & Vasconcelos, A
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0.97 hours 1.06 hours 0.59 hours 0.
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had dealings with the EPA for $50 p
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• Encourage your coworkers to dem
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4. Noticing and letting go of your
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Characteristic Informal Formal Cont
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Have you ever been disrespectful in
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Fred Dansereau, George Graen, and W
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Research Spotlight In a 2019 articl
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The third followership style is the
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It’s always good to have a peer t
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Ability to Focus Have you ever foun
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marked by gradual changes that help
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personalistic focus. Instead of jus
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Key Takeaways • According to Patr
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Propinquity Interpersonal Attractio
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e terminated. Robert Quinn was the
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employment-related decisions withou
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This section, the most important of
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WRs they had engaged in, this motiv
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There are many books out there desi
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Sixth, we have the intrusive harass
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tends to be highly uncivil in the w
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ensure that the targets of the bull
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Key Terms • Career Strategizing
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4. At work, Stella has an inherent
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21 Ibid..; pg. 33. 22 Gagnon, M. A.
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work. Journal of Managerial Psychol
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Image by John Hain from Pixabay Cha
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Butterfield and Rebecca Chory-Assad
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accurately. is defined as using
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“Even in the closest, most satisf
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After exploring the types of hurtfu
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Current research indicates that rel
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the name-calling would be considere
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speculate that cyberbullying is wor
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Denial of due process in meetings D
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Jennifer Guthrie and Adrianne Kunke
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their experiences with two addition
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Internet infidelity, and hurtful me
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tion about the state of the relatio
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42 Aloia, L., & Solomon, D. (2013).
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Assertiveness Attending Attention A
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Conflict Confrontational Behaviors
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Emotional Loneliness Emotional Vamp
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Identification Ideology of traditio
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Kinesics Language Language Adaptati
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Norms Observing Oculesics Olfactics
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Representational Function Responsiv
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Sociocommunicative Orientation Soci
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Versatility Vocabulary Vocalics Wil
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