Interpersonal Communication- A Mindful Approach to Relationships, 2020a

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want to talk to each other. The second axiom states that every message has a content and relationship dimension. Content is the informational part of the message or the subject of discussion. The relationship dimension refers to how the two communicators feel about each other. The third axiom is how the communicators in the system punctuate their communicative sequence. The scholars observed that every communication event has a stimulus, response, and reinforcement. Each communicator can be a stimulus or a response. Fourth, communication can be analog or digital. Digital refers to what the words mean. Analogical is how the words are said or the nonverbal behavior that accompanies the message. The last axiom states that communication can be either symmetrical or complementary. This means that both communicators have similar power relations, or they do not. Conflict and misunderstandings can occur if the communicators have different power relations. For instance, your boss might have the right to fire you from your job if you do not professionally conduct yourself. Noise Noise Noise Communicator Communicator Encodes/ Decodes Channels Messages Channels Encodes/ Decodes [Sends & Receives] [Sends & Receives] Noise Noise Figure 2.9 Transactional Model of Communication Noise The transactional models differ from the interactional models in that the transactional models demonstrate that individuals are often acting as both the sender and receiver simultaneously. Basically, sending and receiving messages happen simultaneously. Interpersonal Communication 58
In 1970, Dean C. Barnlund created the transactional model of communication to understand basic interpersonal communication. 26 Barnlund argues that one of the problems with the more linear models of communication is that they resemble mediated messages. The message gets created, the message is sent, and the message is received. For example, we write an email, we send an email, and the email is read. Instead, Barnlund argues that during interpersonal interactions, we are both sending and receiving messages simultaneously. Out of all the other communication models, this one includes a multi-layered feedback system. We can provide oral feedback, but our nonverbal communication (e.g., tone of voice, eye contact, facial expressions, gestures) is equally important to how others interpret the messages we are sending we use others’ nonverbal behaviors to interpret their messages. As such, in any interpersonal interaction, a ton of messages are sent and received simultaneously between the two people. The Importance of Cues The main components of the model include cues. There are three types of cues: public, private, and behavioral. Public cues are anything that is physical or environmental. Private cues are referred to as the private objects of the orientation, which include the senses of a person. Behavioral cues include nonverbal and verbal cues. The Importance of Context Furthermore, the transactional model of communication has also gone on to represent that three contexts coexist during an interaction: 1. Social Context: The rules and norms that govern how people communicate with one another. 2. Cultural Context: The cultural and co-cultural identities people have (e.g., ability, age, biological sex, gender identity, ethnicity, nationality, race, sexual orientation, social class). 3. Relational Context: The nature of the bond or emotional attachment between two people (e.g., parent/guardian-child, sibling-sibling, teacher-student, health care worker-client, best friends, acquaintances). Through our interpersonal interactions, we create social reality, but all of these different contexts impact this reality. The Importance of Noise Another important factor to consider in Barnlund’s Transactional Model is the issue of noise, which includes things that disturb or interrupt the flow of communication. Like the three contexts explored above, there are another four contexts that can impact our ability to interact with people effectively: 27 1. Physical Context: The physical space where interaction is occurring (office, school, home, doctor’s office, is the space loud, is the furniture comfortable, etc.). 2. Physiological Context: The body’s responses to what’s happening in its environment. a. Internal: Physiological responses that result because of our body’s internal processes (e.g., hunger, a headache, physically tired). b. External: Physiological responses that result because of external stimuli within the environment (e.g., are you cold, are you hot, the color of the room, are you physically comfortable). 59 Interpersonal Communication
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Interpersonal Communication 1 In In
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Contents Preface ..................
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Organizing ........................
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Introversion/Extraversion .........
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Proxemics .........................
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Analyzing .........................
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Avoiders ..........................
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Solitary Survivor (Retired) .......
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Resource ..........................
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Reactions to Hurtful Messages .....
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Control, in, and of itself, is neit
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One of the inherent limitations of
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NACADA Journal (National Associatio
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day message family Now might relati
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“interpersonalness.” On the oth
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physical symptoms. It is vital for
Page 33 and 34: information with other people. We c
Page 35 and 36: etween serious versus non-serious i
Page 37 and 38: If, however, you’ve had a bad exp
Page 39 and 40: Religion can also impact what you v
Page 41 and 42: used to harsh language or foul lang
Page 43 and 44: Self-Monitoring The last characteri
Page 45 and 46: Today scholars view the term “int
Page 47 and 48: cable, satellite television, the Wo
Page 49 and 50: Towards a Mindfulness Model Shauna
Page 51 and 52: are). 4. L stands for love (being k
Page 53 and 54: The last facet of mindfulness is
Page 55 and 56: psychological in nature). Simply, t
Page 57 and 58: Real World Case Study Noam is a fre
Page 59 and 60: References 1 Bochner, A. P. (1989).
Page 61 and 62: Illuminating the theory & practice
Page 63 and 64: Image by Sasint from Pixabay Chapte
Page 65 and 66: As the arrow in Figure 2.1 indicate
Page 67 and 68: Discovering Self-Concept - Who are
Page 69 and 70: In another study, researchers sough
Page 71 and 72: Channel With advances in technology
Page 73 and 74: and just close your eyes. Focus on
Page 75 and 76: Figure 2.3a The Rubin Vase - based
Page 77 and 78: is normal behavior. We are so focus
Page 79 and 80: In this section, we have discussed
Page 81 and 82: The Shannon-Weaver model was critic
Page 83: MESSAGE Encoder Interpreter Decoder
Page 87 and 88: As a receiver, you can keep trying
Page 89 and 90: of information from a source or sen
Page 91 and 92: The first statement in the credo fo
Page 93 and 94: feelings on this subject. When it c
Page 95 and 96: End of Chapter Quiz 1. Paul tells J
Page 97 and 98: 20 Model. (2020). BusinessDictionar
Page 99 and 100: Image by johnhain from Pixabay Chap
Page 101 and 102: Thoughtful Conversely, the top ten
Page 103 and 104: The final characteristic of Rogers
Page 105 and 106: ased on facts. For example, many pe
Page 107 and 108: Mindfulness Activity One of the bea
Page 109 and 110: According to Simon, Vulture (‘vul
Page 111 and 112: • Is thinking this way helping me
Page 113 and 114: provided some interesting stories,
Page 115 and 116: 1. Temperament is biologically dete
Page 117 and 118: Personality: • https://projects.f
Page 119 and 120: Neuroticism is the degree to which
Page 121 and 122: is a form of social organization wh
Page 123 and 124: Although relatively little research
Page 125 and 126: 1. Lack of affect in interpersonal
Page 127 and 128: • Watch the following interview c
Page 129 and 130: sion-24 (PRCA-24). 75 If you have n
Page 131 and 132: gender (feminine males, masculine f
Page 133 and 134: tion sensitivity. In a set of thre
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7. Increased fear of rejection. 8.
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End of Chapter Key Terms • Affect
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etween self-esteem and communicatio
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https://psychcentral.com/lib/challe
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73 Buss, A. (2009). Anxious and sel
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119 Interpersonal Communication
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Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay
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ferent perceptions. The same thing
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Abstract Information Research Acade
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little “cuddle monster” because
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have perceptions about yourself. Th
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unique spellings of names. Names ca
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generally inflamed by this rhetoric
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We can decrease affiliation with ot
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The business world is full of jargo
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e in hot water Be in trouble. If yo
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she’s a doll full of beans full o
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types of improper language: vulgari
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doing this activity, try to be more
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Read Lastly, you should read regula
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Finally, this chapter discusses the
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References 1 Lakoff, R. T. (2001).
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expressions if everyone’s face wa
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meanings of crossing one’s arms.
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wife in high school. During a skit,
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Accenting is a form of nonverbal co
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daily lives, such as greeting, comf
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Instructions: Read the following qu
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Dysfluencies, Vocal Fillers, or Ver
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Proxemics is the study of communica
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of products available to enhance en
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_____9. _____10. I think my metabol
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care for, and take pleasure in your
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As we’ve discussed with mindfulne
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Instructions: Please read each sent
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Second, individuals must believe no
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End of Chapter Key Terms • Accent
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References 1 Eckman, P and Friesen,
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44 Ibid. 45 Richmond, V. P., Smith,
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Figure 6.1 Traditional costumes and
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In addition to a dominant culture,
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6.2 The Function of Culture Learnin
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cultural group(s). In the case of c
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Exercises • Think about a group t
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Geert Hofstede Another very importa
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U.S. is number 19 out of 76); where
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80/17475759.2017.1292944 Stella Tin
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ideas to your co-culture. Does your
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figure out where that stereotype ca
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One day Roy and Jalissa were hangin
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References Culture: A critical rev
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and versare (turn): “conversation
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Diatribe Lastly, Angle discusses th
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discourage self-disclosure) • Phy
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Entitlements and Enhancements The f
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can see in Figure 7.3, the Johari W
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process by which you interact with
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they have to say, we may end up bei
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If we achieve discriminative listen
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The final listening style is the ti
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Step Four: Now subtract B from C. P
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Positive Characteristics Give cues
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Ronald Adler, Lawrence Rosenfeld, a
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is used to show that you identify w
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make this situation better?” The
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women should behave in public. Wome
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End of Chapter Key Terms • Analyz
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References 1 Apps, J. (2014). The a
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conversation isn’t easy, but it i
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Image by ID 1715736 from Pixabay Ch
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you were to approach your mom, she
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curvaceous ideal of Marilyn Monroe
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how to handle financial issues. So
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stage, we are primarily interested
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partners disagree about what is opt
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Exercises • Find video clips onli
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This tension deals with self vs. ot
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deal with integration vs. separatio
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4. Picked up friends 5. Confirmed p
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possess a treasure trove of informa
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Ludic lovers view love as a game, a
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8.6 How Gender Affects Relationship
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Exercises • As a class, ask every
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End of Chapter Quiz 1. Picking a se
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26 Rosenfeld, L. B. (2000). Overvie
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Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay
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From this perspective, conflict is
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ly. Here are some examples of confl
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Feelings: Feelings tell us “how t
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Instead, people need to avoid these
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are moralistic judgments where we i
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communicated with each other. Speci
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In 1958 social psychologist Herbert
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Legitimate The fourth base of power
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the power we have over others as we
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Interpretation Each of the four par
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Conflict Management Tactic Definiti
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think, listen, and then communicate
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aggressive. Conversely, you have to
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End of Chapter Key Terms • Accide
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5. Hodoya is a Canadian union leade
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nations and applications. Allyn & B
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Beverley Fehr was one of the first
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your friendships. Why did you decid
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interpersonal goals, while maintain
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On the other side, we do depend on
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1. When you’re with your friends,
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This does not discount the possibil
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if the time arises. are ones that
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they considered friends. Although n
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• Use criticism and insults as we
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the nature of gender differences an
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Sexuality The obvious next step in
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sex (and it appears that most do),
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universities, the government, and h
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it’s not mutual, then we’re not
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perspective for communication schol
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Friendship processes 2 Hruschka, D.
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Personal Relationships (pp. 391-410
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Image by Brad Dorsey from Pixabay C
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Statistical Definition of ‘Family
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almost anything to be considered a
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The fifth trait of a family deals w
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To further explain the concepts of
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Fork Pin Third Wheel First Wheel Ho
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communicate with others. Norms, on
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same end result using multiple star
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Genogram Symbols Basic Symbols Male
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Vader is a slightly distant father
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y social-construction or intra-psyc
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“dinks,” dual incomes, no kids.
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The typical final stage in the fami
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warmth are more likely to engage in
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sibling is a great way to enjoy eac
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11.4 Marriage Relationships Learnin
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Sharing The third dimension of marr
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overly assertive in their conflict
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Chapter Wrap-Up As we discussed at
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c. Genogram d. Genealogy tree 4. In
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25 Kerr, M. E., & Bowen, M. (1988).
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71 Umberson, D., Thomeer, M. B., Kr
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12.1 Technology and Communication L
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creation of a system that could all
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(Figure 12.4). The invention of IRC
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In this section, we’re going to d
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newspapers in the 1880s often used
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Third, netiquette attempts to gover
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Instructions: This set of questions
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her/him/themselves occupied (e.g.,
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themed posts. Pitcan, M., Marwick,
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ut the goal is to provide a space w
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Psychosocial Crisis Trust vs. Mistr
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and wanted to share a meme, but rea
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Even J. K. Rowling (of Harry Potter
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They found five basic reasons peopl
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those possible in traditional FtF i
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She decides to download the app and
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The History Channel. https:// www.h
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47 Bullingham, L., & Vasconcelos, A
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0.97 hours 1.06 hours 0.59 hours 0.
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had dealings with the EPA for $50 p
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• Encourage your coworkers to dem
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4. Noticing and letting go of your
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Characteristic Informal Formal Cont
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Have you ever been disrespectful in
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Fred Dansereau, George Graen, and W
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Research Spotlight In a 2019 articl
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The third followership style is the
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It’s always good to have a peer t
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Ability to Focus Have you ever foun
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marked by gradual changes that help
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personalistic focus. Instead of jus
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Key Takeaways • According to Patr
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Propinquity Interpersonal Attractio
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e terminated. Robert Quinn was the
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employment-related decisions withou
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This section, the most important of
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WRs they had engaged in, this motiv
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There are many books out there desi
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Sixth, we have the intrusive harass
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tends to be highly uncivil in the w
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ensure that the targets of the bull
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Key Terms • Career Strategizing
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4. At work, Stella has an inherent
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21 Ibid..; pg. 33. 22 Gagnon, M. A.
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work. Journal of Managerial Psychol
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Image by John Hain from Pixabay Cha
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Butterfield and Rebecca Chory-Assad
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accurately. is defined as using
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“Even in the closest, most satisf
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After exploring the types of hurtfu
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Current research indicates that rel
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the name-calling would be considere
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speculate that cyberbullying is wor
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Denial of due process in meetings D
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Jennifer Guthrie and Adrianne Kunke
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their experiences with two addition
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Internet infidelity, and hurtful me
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tion about the state of the relatio
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42 Aloia, L., & Solomon, D. (2013).
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Assertiveness Attending Attention A
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Conflict Confrontational Behaviors
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Emotional Loneliness Emotional Vamp
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Identification Ideology of traditio
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Kinesics Language Language Adaptati
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Norms Observing Oculesics Olfactics
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Representational Function Responsiv
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Sociocommunicative Orientation Soci
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Versatility Vocabulary Vocalics Wil
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