09.02.2018 Views

Practical Guige to Free Energy Devices

eBook 3000 pages! author: Patrick J. Kelly "This eBook contains most of what I have learned about this subject after researching it for a number of years. I am not trying to sell you anything, nor am I trying to convince you of anything. When I started looking into this subject, there was very little useful information and any that was around was buried deep in incomprehensible patents and documents. My purpose here is to make it easier for you to locate and understand some of the relevant material now available. What you believe is up to yourself and is none of my business. Let me stress that almost all of the devices discussed in the following pages, are devices which I have not personally built and tested. It would take several lifetimes to do that and it would not be in any way a practical option. Consequently, although I believe everything said is fully accurate and correct, you should treat everything as being “hearsay” or opinion. Some time ago, it was commonly believed that the world was flat and rested on the backs of four elephants and that when earthquakes shook the ground, it was the elephants getting restless. If you want to believe that, you are fully at liberty to do so, however, you can count me out as I don’t believe that. " THE MATERIAL PRESENTED IS FOR INFORMATION PURPOSES ONLY. SHOULD YOU DECIDE TO PERFORM EXPERIMENTS OR CONSTRUCT ANY DEVICE, YOU DO SO WHOLLY ON YOUR OWN RESPONSIBILITY -- NEITHER THE COMPANY HOSTING THIS WEB SITE, NOR THE SITE DESIGNER ARE IN ANY WAY RESPONSIBLE FOR YOUR ACTIONS OR ANY RESULTING LOSS OR DAMAGE OF ANY DESCRIPTION, SHOULD ANY OCCUR AS A RESULT OF WHAT YOU DO. ​

eBook 3000 pages!
author: Patrick J. Kelly

"This eBook contains most of what I have learned about this subject after researching it for a number of years. I am not trying to sell you anything, nor am I trying to convince you of anything. When I started looking into this subject, there was very little useful information and any that was around was buried deep in incomprehensible patents and documents. My purpose here is to make it easier for you to locate and understand some of the relevant material now available. What you believe is up to yourself and is none of my business. Let me stress that almost all of the devices discussed in the following pages, are devices which I have not personally built and tested. It would take several lifetimes to do that and it would not be in any way a practical option. Consequently, although I believe everything said is fully accurate and correct, you should treat everything as being “hearsay” or opinion.

Some time ago, it was commonly believed that the world was flat and rested on the backs of four elephants and that when earthquakes shook the ground, it was the elephants getting restless. If you want to believe that, you are fully at liberty to do so, however, you can count me out as I don’t believe that. "

THE MATERIAL PRESENTED IS FOR INFORMATION PURPOSES ONLY. SHOULD YOU DECIDE TO PERFORM EXPERIMENTS OR CONSTRUCT ANY DEVICE, YOU DO SO WHOLLY ON YOUR OWN RESPONSIBILITY -- NEITHER THE COMPANY HOSTING THIS WEB SITE, NOR THE SITE DESIGNER ARE IN ANY WAY RESPONSIBLE FOR YOUR ACTIONS OR ANY RESULTING LOSS OR DAMAGE OF ANY DESCRIPTION, SHOULD ANY OCCUR AS A RESULT OF WHAT YOU DO.

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n o and s, from this and the three preceding equations, must be related by the expression<br />

and the bulk field<br />

Surface layers in barium titanate ceramic grains have been estimated at 10 -6 cm (see for example Jona and<br />

Shirane Ferroelectric Crystals, Pergammon Press, 1962). The remanent polarisation typical of the ceramic<br />

material is about 8 x 10 -2 C/m 2 , the relative dielectric constant of the poled ceramic about 1300. The high field<br />

dielectric constant will be estimated at roughly 0.5 the bulk dielectric constant. These numbers yield a bulk field,<br />

for a typical 10 -3 cm grain of,<br />

E 2 = 350 volts/cm<br />

The potential across the bulk would thus be approximately -0.35 volts. The remaining potential across the grain<br />

would be that across the surface layers. Illumination has the effect of producing charges which screen the<br />

internal field, E 2 causing it <strong>to</strong> vanish.<br />

The negative voltage vanishes and a positive potential appears across the sample. The light makes the sample<br />

look more positive. This is exactly what happens as the result of a thermally-induced decrease in polarisation.<br />

Thus the pyro-electric voltage is in the same direction as the pho<strong>to</strong>-voltage as is experimentally observed.<br />

In the fully screened case, the pho<strong>to</strong>-emf is also the emf across the two surface layers<br />

The light generated free electrons sets up a counter field which tends <strong>to</strong> cancel the bulk field E 2 ; thus, the<br />

observed voltage drop is less than it would be in a perfectly insulating medium. This is what is meant by the term<br />

‘screening’. The counter field approaches -E 2 . Assuming the shielding occurs only in the bulk, the <strong>to</strong>tal voltage<br />

across the grain is now the sum of the voltages across the surface layers.<br />

The pho<strong>to</strong>-emf is in the opposite direction <strong>to</strong> the bulk polarisation. This fact predicted in the theory is what is<br />

always observed experimentally. The complete screening of the bulk field thus would, in barium titanate, be<br />

expected <strong>to</strong> result in a pho<strong>to</strong>-emf of +0.35 volts per grain or 350 V/cm and about 0.35 volts across a macroscopic<br />

single crystal. These are roughly the values actually observed as seen in Table I, and with the single crystal<br />

results. The linear relation between remanent polarisation and saturation pho<strong>to</strong>-emf as shown in Fig.6 is also<br />

predicted by these equations. The dependence on temperature of the pho<strong>to</strong>-emf as shown in Fig.16 and Fig.17 is<br />

predicted by the fact that as one approaches the curie temperature, not only is P o decreasing but the dielectric<br />

.epsilon..sub.s is increasing. The bulk internal field, E 2 , should therefore decrease with temperature more rapidly<br />

than the remanent polarisation.<br />

Screening<br />

A - 321

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